引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式：一種是直接引語(yǔ)，即原封不動(dòng)地引用原話，把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi)；另一種是間接引語(yǔ)，即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號(hào)內(nèi)。下面我們一起來(lái)學(xué)習(xí)幾種直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)的技巧。
一、人稱(chēng)的轉(zhuǎn)換
1. 直接引語(yǔ)中的第一人稱(chēng)，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱(chēng)
如：He said，“I am very sorry.”→He said that he was very sorry.
2. 直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱(chēng)，如果原話是針對(duì)轉(zhuǎn)述人說(shuō)的，應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱(chēng)
如：“You should be more careful next time.”my father told me.→ My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.
3. 直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱(chēng)，如果原話是針對(duì)第三人稱(chēng)說(shuō)的，要轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱(chēng)
如：She said to her son， “I’ll check your homework tonight.”→ She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4. 人稱(chēng)的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等
如：He asked me，“Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon？”→He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
5. 口訣巧記人稱(chēng)變化
口訣：“一主、二賓、三不變”。
（1）“一主”指當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中的第一人稱(chēng)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要和主句中的主語(yǔ)在人稱(chēng)上保持一致。
如：He said，“I am forty.”→ He said that he was forty.
�。�2）“二賓”指當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中的第二人稱(chēng)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要和主句中的間接賓語(yǔ)保持人稱(chēng)上的一致。
如：He said，“Are you coming tomorrow？”→He asked me if I was coming the next day.
�。�3）“三不變”指當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中的第三人稱(chēng)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，人稱(chēng)不變。
如：He said，“Is she an English teacher？”→ He asked if she was an English teacher.
另外請(qǐng)同學(xué)們注意，直接引語(yǔ)為復(fù)數(shù)，引述者主語(yǔ)為單數(shù)時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)的主語(yǔ)要相應(yīng)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。
如：He said，“Are you interested in English？”→ He asked us if we were interested in English.
總之，人稱(chēng)的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的，具體情況具體對(duì)待，要符合邏輯。
二、時(shí)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換
直接引語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞如果是過(guò)去時(shí)，從句（即間接引語(yǔ)部分）中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要做相應(yīng)的變化，變成過(guò)去時(shí)范疇的各種時(shí)態(tài)（實(shí)際這也是賓語(yǔ)從句對(duì)時(shí)態(tài)的要求），變化如下：
如：“I am very glad to visit your school”，she said. →She said she was very glad to visit our school.
Tom said，“We are listening to the pop music.”→ Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
Mother asked，“Have you finished your homework
before you watch TV？” → Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.
He asked the conductor，“Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus？”→ He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.
“Why did she refuse to go there？” the teacher asked. →The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
三、 句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化
1. 直接引語(yǔ)為陳述句時(shí)，用連詞that引導(dǎo)，that在口語(yǔ)中常省略。主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可用said，也可用told來(lái)代替。請(qǐng)注意，可以說(shuō)said that， said to sb. that或者told sb. that，不可直接說(shuō)told that。
如：He said，“I have been to the Great Wall.”→He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.
He said，“I’ll give you an examination next Monday.”→He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.
如果間接引語(yǔ)是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列從句，第一個(gè)連詞可以省略，以后的連詞一般不省略，以免混亂。
如：The doctor said，“You are not seriously ill， you will be better soon.”→The doctor said（that）I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.
2. 直接引語(yǔ)為一般疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)用連詞whether或if引導(dǎo)，原主句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞said要改為asked，語(yǔ)序是陳述句的語(yǔ)序，這一點(diǎn)非常重要。
如：He said，“Do you have any difficulty with
pronunciation？”→He asked（me） whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.
He said，“You are interested in English， aren’t you？”→He asked whether I was interested in English.
3. 直接引語(yǔ)為選擇疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)用whether...or...表達(dá)，而不用if...or...，也不用either...or...，語(yǔ)序是陳述句語(yǔ)序。
如：He asked，“Do you speak English or French？”→ He asked me whether I spoke English or French.
I asked，“Will you take bus or take train？”→ I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.
4. 直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞作為間接引語(yǔ)的連詞，主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用ask（sb.）來(lái)表達(dá)，語(yǔ)序改為陳述句語(yǔ)序。
如：He asked，“What’s your name？”→He asked（me）what my name was.
He asked us，“How many car factories have been built in your country？”→He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.
5. 直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)用帶to的不定式表達(dá)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常是ask， advise， tell， warn， order，request等。如ask sb. to do（用于肯定祈使句），ask sb. not to do（用于否定祈使句）。不定式短語(yǔ)中的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、人稱(chēng)及時(shí)態(tài)都做相應(yīng)的變化。
如：He said，“Be seated， please.”→ He asked us to be seated.
“Do be careful with your handwritting.”he said →He told me to be careful with my handwriting.
“Don’t touch anything in the lab without permission”，the teacher said. → The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.
6. 有些直接引語(yǔ)含有“建議”“勸告”的祈使句，可用suggest，insist，offer等動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)述。
如：He said，“Let’s have a rest.”→He suggested us having a rest.
He said，“Let me help you.”→ He offered to help me.
7. 當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)形式上是疑問(wèn)句，有表示“請(qǐng)求”“建議”的意義時(shí)，可用ask sb. to do sth.，advise sb. to do sth.等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。
如：“Would you mind opening the door？”he asked. →He asked me to open the door.
“Why not going out for a walk？”he asked us. →He advised us to go out for a walk.
8. 直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句時(shí)，可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)。
如：She said，“What a lovely day it is！” → She said what a lovely day it was. /She said that it was a lovely day.
四、從句時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)須改變的情況
1. 當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)
如：He always says，“I am tired out.”→ He always says that he is tired out.
2. 當(dāng)主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般將來(lái)時(shí)時(shí)
如：He will say，“I’ll try my best to help you.”→ He will say that he will try his best to help me.
3. 當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)部分帶有具體的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí)
如：He said，“I went to college in 1994.”→ He told us that he went to college in 1994.
4. 當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中有以when， while引導(dǎo)的從句，表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間時(shí)
如：He said，“When I was a child， I usually played football after school.” →He said that when he was a child， he usually played football after school.
5. 當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)
如：Our teacher said to us，“Light travels faster than sound.” →Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.
6. 當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是諺語(yǔ)、格言時(shí)
如：He said，“Practice makes perfect.” → He said that practice makes perfect.
7.當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should，would，could，had better，would rather，might，must，ought to，used to，need時(shí)
如：The doctor said，“You’d better drink plenty of water.” → The doctor said I’d better drink plenty of water.
He said， “She must be a teacher.” → He said that she must be a teacher.
He said，“She ought to have arrived her office by now.” →He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.
She asked，“Must I take the medicine？” → She asked if she had to take the medicine.
8. 除以上情況外，直接引語(yǔ)與間接引語(yǔ)的轉(zhuǎn)換要因?qū)嶋H情況而定，不能機(jī)械地照搬。如果當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here不必改為there，動(dòng)詞come不必改為go。如果當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述yesterday，tomorrow，this afternoon等均不必改變。