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 欄目類別:學(xué)習(xí)方法 >> 初中 >> 英語

直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語的技巧

  引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式:一種是直接引語,即原封不動(dòng)地引用原話,把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi);另一種是間接引語,即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述,被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號(hào)內(nèi)。下面我們一起來學(xué)習(xí)幾種直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語的技巧。

  一、人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換

  1. 直接引語中的第一人稱,一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱

  如:He said,“I am very sorry.”→He said that he was very sorry.

  2. 直接引語中的第二人稱,如果原話是針對轉(zhuǎn)述人說的,應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱

  如:“You should be more careful next time.”my father told me.→ My father told me that I should be more careful the next time.

  3. 直接引語中的第二人稱,如果原話是針對第三人稱說的,要轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱

  如:She said to her son, “I’ll check your homework tonight.”→ She said to her son that she would check his homework that night.

  4. 人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換包括人稱代詞、物主代詞和名詞性物主代詞等

  如:He asked me,“Will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?”→He asked me whether I would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.

  5. 口訣巧記人稱變化

  口訣:“一主、二賓、三不變”。

  (1)“一主”指當(dāng)直接引語中的第一人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),要和主句中的主語在人稱上保持一致。

  如:He said,“I am forty.”→ He said that he was forty.

 。2)“二賓”指當(dāng)直接引語中的第二人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),要和主句中的間接賓語保持人稱上的一致。

  如:He said,“Are you coming tomorrow?”→He asked me if I was coming the next day.

  (3)“三不變”指當(dāng)直接引語中的第三人稱變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí),人稱不變。

  如:He said,“Is she an English teacher?”→ He asked if she was an English teacher.

  另外請同學(xué)們注意,直接引語為復(fù)數(shù),引述者主語為單數(shù)時(shí),間接引語的主語要相應(yīng)變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)。

  如:He said,“Are you interested in English?”→ He asked us if we were interested in English.

  總之,人稱的轉(zhuǎn)換不是固定的,具體情況具體對待,要符合邏輯。

  二、時(shí)態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換

  直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時(shí),主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞如果是過去時(shí),從句(即間接引語部分)中的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要做相應(yīng)的變化,變成過去時(shí)范疇的各種時(shí)態(tài)(實(shí)際這也是賓語從句對時(shí)態(tài)的要求),變化如下:

  如:“I am very glad to visit your school”,she said. →She said she was very glad to visit our school.

  Tom said,“We are listening to the pop music.”→ Tom said that they were listening to the pop music.

  Mother asked,“Have you finished your homework

  before you watch TV?” → Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV.

  He asked the conductor,“Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?”→ He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus.

  “Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. →The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.

  三、 句子結(jié)構(gòu)的變化

  1. 直接引語為陳述句時(shí),用連詞that引導(dǎo),that在口語中常省略。主句的謂語動(dòng)詞可用said,也可用told來代替。請注意,可以說said that, said to sb. that或者told sb. that,不可直接說told that。

  如:He said,“I have been to the Great Wall.”→He said to us that he had been to the Great Wall.

  He said,“I’ll give you an examination next Monday.”→He told us that he would give us an examination the next Monday.

  如果間接引語是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列從句,第一個(gè)連詞可以省略,以后的連詞一般不省略,以免混亂。

  如:The doctor said,“You are not seriously ill, you will be better soon.”→The doctor said(that)I was not seriously ill and that I would be better soon.

  2. 直接引語為一般疑問句時(shí),間接引語用連詞whether或if引導(dǎo),原主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞said要改為asked,語序是陳述句的語序,這一點(diǎn)非常重要。

  如:He said,“Do you have any difficulty with

  pronunciation?”→He asked(me) whether/if I had any difficulty with my pronunciation.

  He said,“You are interested in English, aren’t you?”→He asked whether I was interested in English.

  3. 直接引語為選擇疑問句時(shí),間接引語用whether...or...表達(dá),而不用if...or...,也不用either...or...,語序是陳述句語序。

  如:He asked,“Do you speak English or French?”→ He asked me whether I spoke English or French.

  I asked,“Will you take bus or take train?”→ I asked him whether he would take bus or take train.

  4. 直接引語為特殊疑問句時(shí),原來的疑問詞作為間接引語的連詞,主句的謂語動(dòng)詞用ask(sb.)來表達(dá),語序改為陳述句語序。

  如:He asked,“What’s your name?”→He asked(me)what my name was.

  He asked us,“How many car factories have been built in your country?”→He asked us how many car factories had been built in our country.

  5. 直接引語為祈使句時(shí),間接引語用帶to的不定式表達(dá),謂語動(dòng)詞常是ask, advise, tell, warn, order,request等。如ask sb. to do(用于肯定祈使句),ask sb. not to do(用于否定祈使句)。不定式短語中的時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語、人稱及時(shí)態(tài)都做相應(yīng)的變化。

  如:He said,“Be seated, please.”→ He asked us to be seated.

  “Do be careful with your handwritting.”he said →He told me to be careful with my handwriting.

  “Don’t touch anything in the lab without permission”,the teacher said. → The teacher warned the students not to touch anything in the lab without permission.

  6. 有些直接引語含有“建議”“勸告”的祈使句,可用suggest,insist,offer等動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)述。

  如:He said,“Let’s have a rest.”→He suggested us having a rest.

  He said,“Let me help you.”→ He offered to help me.

  7. 當(dāng)直接引語形式上是疑問句,有表示“請求”“建議”的意義時(shí),可用ask sb. to do sth.,advise sb. to do sth.等形式轉(zhuǎn)述。

  如:“Would you mind opening the door?”he asked. →He asked me to open the door.

  “Why not going out for a walk?”he asked us. →He advised us to go out for a walk.

  8. 直接引語是感嘆句時(shí),可用what或how引導(dǎo),也可用that引導(dǎo)。

  如:She said,“What a lovely day it is!” → She said what a lovely day it was. /She said that it was a lovely day.

  四、從句時(shí)態(tài)無須改變的情況

  1. 當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)時(shí)

  如:He always says,“I am tired out.”→ He always says that he is tired out.

  2. 當(dāng)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般將來時(shí)時(shí)

  如:He will say,“I’ll try my best to help you.”→ He will say that he will try his best to help me.

  3. 當(dāng)直接引語部分帶有具體的過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí)

  如:He said,“I went to college in 1994.”→ He told us that he went to college in 1994.

  4. 當(dāng)直接引語中有以when, while引導(dǎo)的從句,表示過去的時(shí)間時(shí)

  如:He said,“When I was a child, I usually played football after school.” →He said that when he was a child, he usually played football after school.

  5. 當(dāng)直接引語是客觀真理或自然現(xiàn)象時(shí)

  如:Our teacher said to us,“Light travels faster than sound.” →Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.

  6. 當(dāng)直接引語是諺語、格言時(shí)

  如:He said,“Practice makes perfect.” → He said that practice makes perfect.

  7.當(dāng)直接引語中有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞should,would,could,had better,would rather,might,must,ought to,used to,need時(shí)

  如:The doctor said,“You’d better drink plenty of water.” → The doctor said I’d better drink plenty of water.

  He said, “She must be a teacher.” → He said that she must be a teacher.

  He said,“She ought to have arrived her office by now.” →He said that she ought to have arrived her office by then.

  She asked,“Must I take the medicine?” → She asked if she had to take the medicine.

  8. 除以上情況外,直接引語與間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換要因?qū)嶋H情況而定,不能機(jī)械地照搬。如果當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述,here不必改為there,動(dòng)詞come不必改為go。如果當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述yesterday,tomorrow,this afternoon等均不必改變。

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