不定式定義:
由to+動詞原形構成。不定式是一種非限定性動詞。而非限定動詞是指那些在句中不能單獨充當謂語的動詞,可分為不定式,動名詞,現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。
“動詞不定式”由動詞+不定式構成。動詞不定式在句中可以作句子除謂語之外的任何句子成分。動詞不定式的被動形式除了一般形式外還有其完成式和進行式。
常見的有:like / love,want,need,ask,help等。
例:I like to play with Tom. 我喜歡和湯姆玩。
I want to play with Tom. 我想和湯姆玩。
I like to eat dumplings. 我喜歡吃餃子。
動詞不定式一般結構:
疑問詞who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式構成不定式短語,在句中作主語、賓語、表 語等。如:
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. (不定式在句子中做主語)
、贛r. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. (不定式在句子中做賓語)
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. (不定式在句子中做直接賓語)
、躎he question was where to get the medicine needed. (不定式在句子中表語)
以上例句中疑問詞+不定式部分,均可轉換為相應的從句形式。如:
、賅hen we shall leave…
、邸環(huán)ow I could learn…
經(jīng)常在這種結構中使用的動詞有:
consider,decide,discover,explain,find out,forget,hear,know,lea rn,observe,understand,wonder等。
動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別:
1 動名詞與不定式的區(qū)別:
動名詞表達的是:狀態(tài),性質(zhì),心境,抽象,經(jīng)常性,已發(fā)生的
不定式表達的是:目的,結果,原因,具體,一次性,將發(fā)生的
2 接不定式或動名詞,意義相同。
3在下列情況下,一般要用不定式:
、賖ate,like,love前有would(should)時,
如:I'd like to have a cup of coffee.
、诋斨^語動詞begin,continue,start等是進行式時,
如:Thestudents are starting to work on the di fficult maths problem.
、踒egin,continue,start與know,understand等狀態(tài)動詞連用時,
如:I soon began to understand what was happening.
、.advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等動詞后接動名詞作賓語,或帶不定式作賓語補足語。如:
Our teachers don't permit our/us swimming in the lake.
Our teachers don't permit us to swim in the lake.
4 部分動詞后接不定式或動名詞時,意義差別較大,應根據(jù)句子語境選擇使用。
forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示現(xiàn)在或未來的動作,接動名詞表示動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生。如:
Don't forget to post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport?
Remember to close the windows before you leave.
I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited toattend the meeting.
They regretted ordering these books from abroad.
省to的動詞不定式:
(1)情態(tài)動詞( 除ought 外,ought to意思是“應該”,是情態(tài)動詞,只有一種形式,后邊接動詞不定式,to不能省略。
ought to沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,后接動詞原形可以表示現(xiàn)在、將來或過去將來,由時間狀語或上下文決定。例如:
They ought to come tomorrow.他們明天應當來):
。2)使役動詞 let,have,make:
。3)感官動詞see,watch,look at,notice,observe,hear,listen to,smell,feel,find 等后作賓補,省略to。
注意:在被動語態(tài)中則to 不能省掉。
在使役動詞中get除外(get sb. to do sth.)
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
(4)表示個人意愿或傾向的would rather,had better,might(just) as well:rather than置于句首時。
Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bike.
。5)Why… / why not…:
。6)help 可帶to,也可不帶to,help sb (to) do sth:
。7)but和except:but前是動詞do時,后面出現(xiàn)的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。
。8)由and,or和than連接的兩個不定式,第二個to 可以省去:
。9)通常在discover,imagine,suppose,think,understand等詞后,可以省去to be:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應該是個好人。
。10)but作介詞,后接不定式結構時,前面謂語動詞部分若含有do的形式時,but后的不定式要省去to,否則要帶to。
He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
。11)當兩個或多個不定時短語由連詞and,but或or連接時,后一個或幾個不定式符號to常省略。但若表示對比、對照關系時,則不能省略。
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.
。12)不定式做表語時,一般要帶to,但若主語部分中含有do的各種形式時,符號to可省去。
We've missed the last bus.All we could do now is walk home.