倒裝句:
為了強(qiáng)調(diào)、突出等語用目的而顛倒原有語序的句式叫做倒裝句。
在英語中,我們把主語在前謂語動(dòng)詞在后的句子叫陳述句,把謂語動(dòng)詞放在主語前面的句子叫倒裝句。
完全倒裝和部分倒裝:
如果全部謂語放在主語之前,叫完全倒裝;
如果只把助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語之前就叫部分倒裝。
A、完全倒裝
a. 用于there be句型。 例:
There are some students in the classroom. 教室里有幾位學(xué)生。
There is a tall tree in front of the classroom. 教室的前面有一棵大樹。
b. 用于“here(there, now, then)+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞+主語”的句型中,或以 in,out,up,down,away 等副詞開頭的句子里,以表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。 例:
Here comes the bus. 汽車來了。
There goes the bell. 鈴響了。
Now comes your turn. 現(xiàn)在輪到你了。
Out went the children. 孩子們出去了。
注意:
a.主語是代詞時(shí),主語和謂語不能倒裝。
b.here,there 放在句首通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。 例:
Here it is. 給你。(你要的東西在這兒。)
Here he comes. 他來了。
c.用于so,neither,nor開頭的句子,表示重復(fù)前句的部分內(nèi)容。原句的謂語應(yīng)與前句的謂語的時(shí)態(tài)、形式相一致。
He has been to Canada. So have I. 他去過加拿大,我也去過。
You can't speak French. Neither can she. 你不會說法語,她也不會。
表示前面所述的情況也適合于后面一個(gè)人或事物,通常在so后用倒裝句式(部分倒裝用一般問句的形式):
He likes English. So do I. 他喜歡英語,我也一樣。
He was ill and so were his parents. 他病了,他父母也病了。
但是如果前面所述情況為否定式,則用neither,nor引出倒裝句(此時(shí)不能用so):
He couldn’t do it, and neither could she. 他做不了,她也做不了。
He never comes late. Nor do I. 他從不遲到,我也從不遲到。
后一句子若只是重復(fù)前句的意思,起加強(qiáng)語氣的作用,so后面不用倒裝句式:
—He has done a good job. 他干得不錯(cuò)。
—So he has. 他的確干得不錯(cuò)。
B、部分倒裝。(小學(xué)階段出現(xiàn)情況較少,在此不作進(jìn)一步解釋)
倒裝句使用情況:
1. 在以here,there,up,in,out,away,off等表示方位的副詞開頭的句子里, 主語是名詞時(shí),句子要用倒裝,以示強(qiáng)調(diào);但主語是代詞時(shí),主謂不倒裝。如:
Away flew the birds.
Out rushed the children.
There goes the bell.
2. 以only修飾的副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句(自身不倒裝)位于句首時(shí),常用倒裝句。如:
Only when the war was over in 1949 was he able to go to school.
Only in a big city was it possible for him to buy a wheelchair.
Only after I read the text over again did I know its main idea..
3. 在so(肯定句),neither和nor(否定句)引起的句子中, 表示上文所講的某種情況“也”適合于下文的另一人物時(shí), 用倒裝。如:
Lucy likes China. So does Lily.
Tom doesn’t like bananas. Neither/Nor do I.
【注意】如果so不是表示“也”的意思,而是表示“的確”、“果真如此”時(shí),即使它位于句子開頭也不用倒裝的形式;
另外,如果在講前面的某種情況時(shí)既含有動(dòng)作動(dòng)詞又含有be動(dòng)詞,(或者前面所講的情況既有肯定又有否定或者兩個(gè)主語既有人又有物),再講后面的另一人物“也”是這樣時(shí),要用so的特殊句型, 但還是用正常語序。如:
John won first prize in the contest. So he did.
She is a good girl and she likes English very much. So it is with Han Mei.
Lucy is an American, she doesn’t like Chinese tea. So it is with Lily.
4. 在so…that(如此…以至于)句型中,如果so連同狀語一起位于句首時(shí),也用倒裝形式。如:
So tired was he after a long journey that he couldn’t stay up.
5. 在as以引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞以后的部分倒裝(提到as之前)。如:
Young(Child)as he is,he knows a lot about computer.
【注意】在as引導(dǎo)的這種倒裝的讓步狀語從句中,被倒裝的部分一般分為三種:
表語、狀語和動(dòng)詞原形。如果表語是不帶定語的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞,前邊的a(an)要省去;
被倒裝的動(dòng)詞原形常與may、might、will、would等詞連用,而這些詞都要保留在原來的位置上。
此外,這個(gè)倒裝在句首的動(dòng)詞原形不能是連系動(dòng)詞(若是連系動(dòng)詞,倒裝的部分是表語),一般多為不及物動(dòng)詞。再看另外的兩個(gè)例句:
Much as I hate him, I will not kill him.
Try as he might, Tom could not find a job.
6. 表示否定意義的副詞或連詞位于句首時(shí),要用倒裝。常見的這類詞語有:
not、never、seldom、rarely、hardly、by no means、in no time、little等。如:
Never shall I forget the day.
Little did I know when I took the trip where it would lead me.
By no means shall we understand you.
7. 省略if的倒裝
在if引導(dǎo)的虛擬語氣中,謂語動(dòng)詞有were、had或should等時(shí),可以將if省掉,把這些詞語移到主語之前。如:
Were I you(=If I were you), I would do thework better.
Had they time (=If they had time) ,they should certainly come and help us.
Should there be a flood (=If there should be a flood), what should we do?
8. such表示“這樣的人/事”時(shí), (系動(dòng)詞往往是be動(dòng)詞),當(dāng)such位于句首時(shí),就要用倒裝。如:Such would be our home in the future.
Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th century’s greatest scientist.
9. 幾個(gè)否定關(guān)聯(lián)詞組連接的兩并列分句
、. not only…but(also)…連接的分句前倒后正。如:Not only was the city polluted but (also) the streets were crowed.
、. no sooner... than;hardly…when…; scarcely…when (before)…等連接的分句前倒后正。如:
No sooner had he finished the talk than a man stood up and put forward a question.
Hardly had we got to the bus stop when the bus arrived.
③. not until…連接的分句前正后倒。如:
Not until Mr. Smith came to China did he know what kind of a country she is.
Not until all the fish died in the river did the villagers realize how serious the pollution was.
④. neither…nor…連接的分句前后都倒,并且每個(gè)分句一般都是部分倒裝。
用于部分倒裝的情況:
1.表示否定意義或半否定意義的詞置于句首時(shí)。常見的有seldom,never,hardly,no not,little 等。
2.由 only,not until 引導(dǎo)的狀語置于句首時(shí)。
3.no sooner…than, hardly…when等結(jié)構(gòu)中,no sooner 和hardly 置于句首時(shí)主語用部分倒裝。
4.在so/such…that 引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句中,so/such引導(dǎo)的部分置于句首時(shí)主句用倒裝。
5. “so/neither/nor+be/助動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語”so與前面的肯定句呼應(yīng),nor, neither 與后面的否定句呼應(yīng)。其中的動(dòng)詞形式取決于前一句的動(dòng)詞。表示前者的情況也適用于后者或一者具備兩種情況。
6.省略if的虛擬條件句以had/were/should 開頭引起的倒裝。