關系代詞

　　關系代詞：

　　用來引導定語從句。它代表先行詞，同時在從句中作一定的句子成分。

　　關系代詞有主格，賓格和屬格之分，并有指人與指物之分，它在先行詞和定語之間起紐帶作用。

　　主要的關系代詞有who,whom,whose,which和that。

　�、賥ho指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語；

　　whom指人，在定語從句中作賓語；

　　whose在定語 從句中作定語，其先行詞既可以是人也可以是物。

　　例如：The teacher who/whom you want to see has come.

　　②which指物，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。

　　例如：Here is the coat which will be made to you.

　�、踭hat多指物，有時也指人，在定語從句中作主語或賓語。

　　例如：I have eaten bread that/which he gave to me.

　　關系代詞的基本用法：

　�。�1）引導定語從句

　　關系代詞代表先行詞，同時在從句中作一定的句子成分，例如：

　　The girl whom I spoke to is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。

　�。ㄔ摼渲衱hom既代表先行詞the girl，又在從句中作介詞to的賓語。）

　　This is the pencil whose point is broken.這就是那個折了尖的鉛筆。

　　(whose 指物，在限定性定語從句中作定語)

　　He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他重新回來都忘記了他的那本書。

　　（which指物，在限定性定語從句中作賓語，可以省略）

　�。�2）which為其先行詞。例如：

　　He said he saw me there, which was a lie.他說在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。

　　（3）其他用法

　　關系代詞that在從句中作賓語或表語時可省略， 例如：

　　I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.我過去懂拉丁語，現(xiàn)在大都忘了。

　　He's changed. He's not the man he was.他變化很大，已不是過去的他了。

　　注釋：關系代詞在從句中作賓語時可省略，that在從句中作表語時也可省略。

　　非限定性定語從句中，不能用that作關系代詞。

　　關系代詞的語法注意:

　　1.常用that 不用which的情況:

　�、傧刃性~為all, anything, everything, nothing, something等時。

　　I will do all (that) I can to help you.

　�、谙刃性~被序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或the only, the very等所修飾時。

　　He was the only person that joined the army in his village that year.

　　③先行詞既有人,又有物時

　　They talked about the people and the things (that)they remembered in the school.

　�、墚斨骶涫且詗ho 或which開頭的疑問句時, 定語從句用that 引導, 以避免重復。

　　Who is the boy that was here just now?

　　2. 若被修飾的名詞充當從句介詞賓語時

　　介詞可提前于引導詞之前,此時的引導詞只能用whom 或which.

　　The pencil with which he was writing broke.

　　3. 當先行詞為way時

　　其后的定語從句用in which或 that引導,也可不用引導詞。

　　I don’t like the way (in which/that) he talks to me.

　　used to/be used to的分別：

　�、賣sed to + do："過去常常"表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態(tài)，但如今已不存在。

　　Mother used not to be so forgetful.

　�、赽e used to + doing： 對……已感到習慣，或"習慣于"，to是介詞，后需加名詞或動名詞。

　　Scarf is used to taking a walk.(現(xiàn)在習慣于散步)

　　③used to 的用法 （否定式簡寫為usedn't） 過去經(jīng)常，以前常常

　　This used to be a shabby house. （此房年久失修）

　　used to,would這兩個詞語都可以表示過去常做某事，有時可以換用。

　　used to do 強調(diào)過去習慣性的行為或狀態(tài)，但是現(xiàn)在沒有這種行為或狀態(tài)了。因此，這個短語的內(nèi)涵是今昔對比。

　　關系代詞的用法:

　　一、不用that的情況

　　在引導非限定性定語從句時 (錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.

　　介詞后不能用We depend on the land from which we get our food.

　　二、只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況

　　a.在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

　　b.在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。

　　c.先行詞有the only, the very.（恰恰，正好）.any. few. little. no. all 修飾時，只用that。

　　d.先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。

　　e.先行詞既有人，又有物時。

　　Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。

　　三、不能用關系代詞Which 的幾種情況

　　1.當先行詞為all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代詞時關系代詞用that而不用which.

　　There are few books that you can read in this book store.

　　2.當先行詞既有人又有物時，關系代詞用that, 不用which.

　　He asked about the factories and workers that he had visited.

　　3.當先行詞有形容詞最高級修飾時，關系代詞用that, 而不用which.

　　Guilin is one of the most beautiful cities that I have ever visited.

　　4.當先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時，關系代詞用that, 不用which.

　　The first sight that was caught at the Great Wall has made a lasting impression on him.

　　5.當先行詞被the only, the very, the same, the right等修飾時，關系代詞用that,不用which.

　　It is the only book that he bought himself.

　　6.當先行詞被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修飾時，關系代詞用that,不用which.

　　There is no clothes that fit you here.

　　7.當主句是以which開頭的特殊問句時，定語從句關系代詞一般用that而不用which.

　　Which of the books that had pictures was worth reading?

　　8.在強調(diào)句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which.

　　It is in this room that he was born twenty years ago.

　　9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,關系代詞要用as, 而不用which.

　　We need such materials as (not which) can bear high temperature.

　　10.表示" 正如... 那樣 "，" 正象..." 之意時，用as, 不用which.

　　Mary was late again, as had been expected.

　　11.As 引導的定語從句可以放在主句前面，也可以放在主句后面或主句中間，而由 which引導的定語從句只能放在主句后面。

　　As we all know, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.

　　關系代詞可以省略的情況:

　　1.關系代詞which,whom,who,that在定語從句中作賓語時可以省略。

　　Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for.

　　2.當that在從句中作補語時可以省略。

　　She is all (that) a teacher should be.

　　3.在there be 結(jié)構(gòu)中出現(xiàn)定語從句，或在定語從句中出現(xiàn)there be 時，用作主語的關系代詞也可省略。

　　This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library.

　　4.狀語的省略

　　（1）當先行詞是reason，而且定語從句中作原因狀語時，關系代詞可用why,that,也可以省略。

　　That is the reason (why) I did it.

　�。�2）當先行詞是way,且在定語從句中作方式狀語時，關系代詞可用in which,that,也可以省略。

　　I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains.

　�。�3）當先行詞是time時，關系代詞可用when,that 或省略。

　　I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place.

　　注意：關系代詞作賓語有時也不能省略。

　　關系代詞不能省略情況：

　　1.在介詞+whom與介詞+which中，whom,which不能省略。

　　That is the headmaster with whom my father was talking just now.

　　2.在非限制性定語從句中，作賓語的關系代詞也不能省略。

　　The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see.

　　3.在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中，as,that即使作賓語，也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同類用as)

　　This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一個)

　　4.當由and,but,or等連詞連接兩個或兩個以上的定語從句修飾一個先行詞時，第一個關系代詞可省，但第二，第三個不可省略。

　　This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting.

　　關系代詞格式：

　　關系代詞有主格，賓格和屬格之分，并有指人與指物之分。that的用法最廣，that可指人也可指物。

　　見表：

　　特殊關系代詞的用法：

　　關系詞通常是用來引導定語從句的,但as,than和but這三個詞卻與which, who, that, where, when和why等典型的關系詞不同。

　　三者本身具有常見的字面意義,前面有名詞作先行詞,但后面的定語從句卻不像典型的定語從句。

　　這些既像連接詞又像關系詞的詞,我們就姑且稱它們?yōu)闇赎P系詞。

　　一、 as作為準關系代詞出現(xiàn)在the same ... as, such ... as, 和as ... as等結(jié)構(gòu)中。

　　這時, as前面通常要有名詞;

　　as后面的從句意義上不像是通常的定語從句;

　　as需要在從句中充當一定的句子成分。

　　1. the same ... as

　　1) as在從句中作主語

　　She is the same person as came here last Sunday. 她就是上星期天來這兒的那個人。

　　2) as在從句中作賓語

　　This is the same watch as I lost while I was doing the sightseeing in Shanghai three months ago. 這塊表跟我三個月前在上海觀光時丟失的那塊一樣。

　　3) as在從句中作be動詞的表語

　　China is not the same country as it used to be. 中國已今非昔比。

　　4) as在從句中作行為方式狀語

　　You should learn to do housework in the same way as your mother does it. 你應該學會像你母親那樣做家務活。

　　2. such ... as

　　1) as在從句中作主語

　　Let children read such books as tend to make them better and brighter. 讓孩子看那些容易讓他們變得更好更聰明的書。

　　2) as在從句中作賓語

　　This is not such an interesting book as you just talked about. 這不是你們剛才談到的那種有趣的書。

　　3) as在從句中作be動詞的表語

　　Such a bad man as he is will be punished. 像他這樣的壞人一定會受到懲罰。

　　3. as ... as

　　1) 第二個as在從句中作主語

　　He has as much money as is required. 他要多少錢就有多少錢。

　　2) 第二個as在從句中作賓語

　　I have as many friends as you (do). 我的朋友和你的朋友一樣多。

　　3) 第二個as在從句中作be動詞的表語

　　As is known to all, Taiwan is one of the Chinese provinces。眾所周知,臺灣是中國的一個省。

　　二、than作為準關系詞 出現(xiàn)在more ... than, less ... than, fewer ... than等結(jié)構(gòu)中。這時, than前面要有名詞; than本身有比較意義,而且需要在從句中充當一定的句子成分。

　　1. than在從句中作主語

　　Take it easy, I have more money than is needed. 放心，我的錢比所需要的還要多。

　　2. than在從句中作賓語

　　I have more/fewer books than you (do). 我的書比你的多/少。

　　3. than在從句中作be動詞的表語

　　He is a better boy than you (are). 他是一個比你更好的男孩。

　　三、but作為準關系詞 本身含有否定意義,它前面的主句還有另一個否定意義。這時but在意義上相當于“who ... not ...”或“which/that ... not ...”。

　　1.定語從句中有be動詞,并將其改為含but的復合句時, be動詞后面不能再有not

　　There is no one who is not conccrned about his future. (= There is no one but is concerned about his future.) 沒有人不關心自己的未來?

　　2. 定語從句中有can, will, shall, must, may, should, ought to等助動詞或情態(tài)動詞,在將其改為含but的復合句時,這些助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面不能再有not

　　There is nothing that she can’t do. (= There is nothing but she can do.) 沒有她做不到的事?

　　3. 定語從句中有助動詞do, does, did, 在將其改為含but的復合句時,應去掉do, does, did, 還原其后動詞的時態(tài)及人稱變化

　　There is no one who doesn’t wish to make great achievements. (= There is no one but wishes to make great achievements.) 誰都希望自己將來能有所成就。

　　四、which的先行詞：關系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個句子

　　He said he saw me there, which was a lie。他說在那兒看到了我，純屬謊言。

　　說明：關系代詞that在從句中作賓語或表語時可省略

　　I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew。 我過去懂拉丁語，現(xiàn)在大都忘了。