語(yǔ)態(tài)：
是動(dòng)詞的一種形式，它表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的關(guān)系。
語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作是由主語(yǔ)完成的，要用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)；
如果主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者，或者是說(shuō)動(dòng)作不是由主語(yǔ)而是由其他人完成的，則用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的構(gòu)成:
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：
主語(yǔ)+be +過(guò)去分詞(+by+動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者）
① 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：am/is/are+過(guò)去分詞
如：Trees are planted every year.
�、� 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) am/is/are+ being +過(guò)去分詞
如：The road is being repaired.
�、� 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) have/has + been +過(guò)去分詞
如：The work has been finished.
�、� 一般過(guò)去時(shí) was/were + 過(guò)去分詞
如：The story was told by him.
Many birds were killed last year.
�、葸^(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí) was/were+ being + 過(guò)去分詞
如： The new house was being painted when I got home.
⑥過(guò)去完成時(shí) had +been+ 過(guò)去分詞
如： He told me that the work had been finished.
�、咭话銓�(lái)時(shí) will +be + 過(guò)去分詞
如：The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
⑧ 過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí) would/should +be +過(guò)去分詞
如： He said that the Christmas tree would be put up soon.
�、崆閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be +過(guò)去分詞
如：The problem must be solved soon.
Children should be taught to love animals.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用注意:
1. 不及物動(dòng)詞無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。 如：happen, break down, come out......
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2. 有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。 如： write, sell, ride.....
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3. 感官動(dòng)詞或使役動(dòng)詞使用省略to的動(dòng)詞不定式，主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中不帶“to”，但變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，須加上“to”。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
4. 如果是接雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，直接賓語(yǔ)（物）作主語(yǔ)，那么動(dòng)詞后要用介詞，這個(gè)介詞是由與其搭配的動(dòng)詞決定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5. 一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)應(yīng)當(dāng)看作一個(gè)整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can’t laugh at him. →He can’t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
構(gòu)成be+done.
主動(dòng)句變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句所遵循的4個(gè)步驟：
�、侔言鲃�(dòng)句中的賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)
�、诎褎�(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)形式即be +過(guò)去分詞，并注意其人稱和數(shù)隨主語(yǔ)的變化，而動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)則保持不變。
�、墼鲃�(dòng)句的主語(yǔ)如需要?jiǎng)t放在by后面以它的賓格形式出現(xiàn)（注代詞的賓格），如不需要?jiǎng)t可省略。
�、芷渌某煞郑ǘㄕZ(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)）不變。
不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情形：
①不及物動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有take place, happen, come about, break out, appear, disappear, last, arise等。
例如：A fire broke out during the night.
�、谀承╈o態(tài)動(dòng)詞不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
這類(lèi)動(dòng)詞有have, lack, fit, hold, suit, resemble等。
例如：My shoes do not fit me.
�、圪e語(yǔ)為相互代詞和反身代詞時(shí)不用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
例如：We should help each other.
關(guān)于主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義:
�、傧祫�(dòng)詞（如look, sound, smell, feel, taste, prove等）要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)，因?yàn)橄祫?dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞，它們沒(méi)有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)形式。
例如：The building looks very beautiful.
�、诋�(dāng)open, close, shut, lock, move, read, wash, clean, cook, cut, wear, carry 等用作不及物動(dòng)詞且表示主語(yǔ)的某種屬性時(shí)，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例如：The book sells well.
�、塾械膭�(dòng)詞本身含有被動(dòng)意味，通常用主動(dòng)形式來(lái)表示被動(dòng)含義。
例如：Her eyes filled with tears.
④不定式to blame, to let用作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
例如：Who is to blame?
�、菽承癰e+形容詞+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式通常要用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例如：The book is difficult to understand.
�、薏欢ㄊ接糜谀承﹦�(dòng)詞（如have, have got, get, want, need等）的賓語(yǔ)后作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)就是句子的主語(yǔ)，通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例如：Do you have time to help us?
�、咴趖oo...to do sth.和...enough to do sth. 這兩個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，若主語(yǔ)與其后不定式為to do sth.被動(dòng)關(guān)系，則該不定式通常用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義（有時(shí)也可直接用 被動(dòng)式）。
例如：The writing is too faint to read.
⑧be worth后的動(dòng)名詞要用主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。
例如：This movie is worth seeing.
�、嵩趎eed, want, require等少數(shù)表示“需要”的動(dòng)詞后的動(dòng)名詞用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。
例如：The house needs cleaning.
表示“據(jù)說(shuō)”的三類(lèi)被動(dòng)句型:
�、買(mǎi)t is said that...句式
例如：It is said that thirteen is an unlucky number.
�、赥here is said that...句式
例如：There is said to be plenty of oil off our coast.
③sb./sth.is said that...句式
例如：Mr. Brown is said to have died of liver cancer.
被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)各時(shí)態(tài)構(gòu)成 ：
情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：
一、理解含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的概念含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)說(shuō)明某個(gè)被動(dòng)性動(dòng)作所反映出的感情和態(tài)度。
初中階段可用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有“can、may、must、need、should”等，
分別表示“能夠被……”，“可以被……”，“必須被……”，“需要被……“，應(yīng)該被……”等。
二、掌握含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的不同句式的變換方法含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的疑問(wèn)句、否定句的變化均借助于情態(tài)動(dòng)詞完成。
�。ㄒ唬┮话阋蓡�(wèn)句直接將陳述句被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前。如：
Mustthisworkbedoneatonce？這項(xiàng)工作必須立即完成嗎？
Shouldyourhomeworkbefinishedbeforesix？你的家庭作業(yè)應(yīng)在六點(diǎn)前完成嗎？
�。ǘ┨厥庖蓡�(wèn)句由疑問(wèn)詞加上一般疑問(wèn)句被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成。如：
Whenmustthisworkbedone？這工作必須在什么時(shí)候完成？
Wherecanthelostbookbefound？這本失蹤的書(shū)能在什么地方被找到？
�。ㄈ┓匆庖蓡�(wèn)句借助情態(tài)動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成附加疑問(wèn)部分。如：
Thisbridgecanbebuiltnextyear，can'tit？這座橋明年能建成，是嗎？
Thisbookshouldn'tbetakenoutofthelibrary，shouldit？這本書(shū)不應(yīng)被帶出圖書(shū)館，是嗎？
�。ㄋ模┓穸ň湓谇閼B(tài)動(dòng)詞后面加上“not”或“never”即可，但“must”表“必要”時(shí)否定式為“needn't”。如：
Thisworkneedn'tbedoneatonce．這項(xiàng)工作沒(méi)必要立即做。Thisdustbinshouldn'tbeputhere．這個(gè)垃圾箱不應(yīng)放在這兒。
三、含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句的回答含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的一般疑問(wèn)句的回答應(yīng)保留原情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，
但“must”表“必須”時(shí)，其否定回答應(yīng)用“needn't”、“need”表“必要”時(shí)，其肯定回答應(yīng)用“must”。如：
—Shouldmyexercisesbefinishedtoday？我的作業(yè)應(yīng)在今天完成嗎？
—Yes，theyshould．是的，應(yīng)在今天完成。（No，theyshouldn't．不，不應(yīng)在今天完成。）
—Musthisexercisebookbehandedinatonce？他的練習(xí)本必須立即上交嗎？
—Yes，itmust．是的，必須立即上交。（No，itneedn't．不，不必立即上交。）
—Needhebeoperatedonatonce？他必須立即手術(shù)嗎？
—Yes，hemust．是的，他必須。（No，heneedn't．不，他不必。）