現(xiàn)在完成時:
過去發(fā)生并且已經(jīng)完成的動作對現(xiàn)在造成影響或后果,過去某一時間開始并一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。
基本結(jié)構(gòu):主語+have/has+動詞的過去分詞
句式:
1. 否定句式:現(xiàn)在完成時的否定句式是“haven't (hasn't)+過去分詞...”。
如:I have not seen the movie yet. 我還沒看這部電影。
2. 一般疑問句:Have(Has)+主語+過去分詞...? 如:
—Have you finished the work?你已經(jīng)做完這項工作了嗎?
—Yes, I have. 是的,我已經(jīng)做完了。(No, I haven't. 不,我還沒有做完。)
3. 特殊疑問句:特殊疑問詞+have(has)+主語+過去分詞...?如:
How many times have you been to the Great Wall?你去過長城幾次?
提示:肯定句中有some, already時,改為否定句或疑問句時通常要分別改為any, yet。如:
I have already finished my homework. 我已經(jīng)完成了我的作業(yè)。
→ I haven't finished my homework yet. (否定句)
→ Have you finished your homework yet? (一般疑問句)
現(xiàn)在完成時常見兩種句型:
、賔or短語
、贗t is+一段時間+ since從句
現(xiàn)在完成時特點(diǎn):
1. 非持續(xù)性動詞的完成時的肯定式不能與時間段連用,若要用時間段狀語,則應(yīng)換成相應(yīng)的持續(xù)性動詞或狀態(tài)動詞。
例如:
He has left.
He has been away for an hour.
2. have/has been to 表示曾經(jīng)去過某地,但現(xiàn)在不在那;have/has gone to表示現(xiàn)在已去某地,現(xiàn)在不在這。
例如:
He has been to Canada, but now he is working in our company.
Mr. Li in not at home. He has gone to Shanghai.
3. 完成時的肯定式常用already,而否定式和疑問式常用yet,但若already用于疑問句時,表示一種出乎意外的驚訝。
例如:Have you read it already?
現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時區(qū)別:
現(xiàn)在完成時和一般過去時都表示在過去完成的動作。
但現(xiàn)在完成時強(qiáng)調(diào)的是這一動作與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。如對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響等,
而一般過去時只表示動作在過去某一時刻發(fā)生,不表示和現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。
比較:
I have lost my new book. 我把新書丟了。(現(xiàn)在還未找到)
I lost my new book yesterday. 我昨天把新書丟了。(昨天丟的,現(xiàn)在找到與否沒說明)
have been(to)與have gone( to)的區(qū)別:
have been(to)表示“去過某地(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)回來了)”,可用于各人稱;
have gone(to)表示“去某地了(說話時某人不在當(dāng)?shù)兀保S糜诘谌朔Q,
前者可與once ,never,several times等連用,后者則不能。
如:
They have been to Beijing twice.他們?nèi)ミ^北京兩次。
He has gone to Beijing . 他去北京了。
現(xiàn)在完成時注意事項:
1.如單純表示一段時間,或強(qiáng)調(diào)一段時間,雖有since一詞,也不必用完成時。如:
It is two years since his father died. =His father has been dead for two years.他父親去世已有三年了。
2.終止性動詞現(xiàn)在完成時的否定式,已變成一種可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài),因此可以和表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:
I haven't left here since 1997.自從1997年以來,我一直沒有離開過這兒。
3..現(xiàn)在完成時不能單獨(dú)與準(zhǔn)確時間連用,(如表示過去的時間狀語)
如:yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等,除非與for,since連用.
4.不能與when連用.
現(xiàn)在完成時的用法:
1.表示動作發(fā)生在過去某個不確定的時間,但對現(xiàn)在留下了某種影響和結(jié)果。常被just、already、yet 等副詞修飾。如:
-Have you had lunch yet?
-Yes,I have. I've just had it.
2.表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài)。這個動作可能剛停止,可能仍然在進(jìn)行。
常帶有for和since等表示一段時間的狀語。如:
He has taught here since 1981
他自1981年就在這兒教書。(可能還要繼續(xù)教)
I have't seen her for four years.
我有四年沒見到她了。
3.表示說話前發(fā)生過一次或多次的動作,現(xiàn)在成為一種經(jīng)驗,一般譯為漢語“過”。
常與twice,ever,never,three times等時間狀語。 如:
I have been to Beijing twice.我去過北京
4. 現(xiàn)在完成時還往往可以同包括現(xiàn)在時間在內(nèi)的時間狀語連用,如:
now,up to these few days/weeks/months/years,this morning/week/month/year,just,today,up to present,so far等:
Peter has written six papers so far.
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
Up to the present everything has been successful.
5.現(xiàn)在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用,如:
already(肯定),yet(否定,疑問),just,before,recently,still,lately,never等:
He has already obtained a scholarship.
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
We have seen that film before.
Have they found the missing child yet?
6.現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"指的是動作發(fā)生在過去某一時刻并已結(jié)束,但該動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響,與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關(guān)系。
例如:
He has turned off the light.他已把燈關(guān)了。(動作結(jié)束于過去,但說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)
現(xiàn)在完成時"完成用法"的特點(diǎn)是動作不延續(xù),因此:
該時態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時間狀語(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、頻度時間狀語(如:never,ever,once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時刻在內(nèi)的時間狀語(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)連用。
例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?
7.現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法"
現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法"指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。
例如:
He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來,他一直住在這兒。
(動作起始于1978年,一直住到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。
。▌幼鏖_始于5年前,一直延續(xù)至今,有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)
此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語(由since或for引導(dǎo)),或表示與現(xiàn)在時刻相連的時間狀語(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:
I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。
注意:現(xiàn)在完成時的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動詞,不可用于終止性動詞,即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時間很短的動詞。
如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
8.一段時間+has passed+since從句
主語+have / has been+since短語
例如:He has been in the League for three years.
或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入團(tuán)已三年了
9. 現(xiàn)在完成時常和短語 "up to now /till now","so far" (意思是從過去某一確定的時間一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)連用。
Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已讀過好多故事書。
I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到紐約去過三次。
has gone (to),has been (to),has been (in) 的區(qū)別
has gone to:去了沒回
has been to :去過
has been in:呆了很久