過(guò)去完成時(shí):
是把時(shí)間推移到過(guò)去某一時(shí)間之前,與現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系,由"had+-ed分詞"構(gòu)成。
基本結(jié)構(gòu):
主語(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞vpp.(done)
、倏隙ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+had+過(guò)去分詞+其他.
、诜穸ň洌褐髡Z(yǔ)+had+not+過(guò)去分詞+其他.
、垡话阋蓡(wèn)句:Had+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他?
肯定回答:Yes,主語(yǔ)+had
否定回答:No,主語(yǔ)+hadn't
、芴厥庖蓡(wèn)句:特殊疑問(wèn)詞或詞組+一般疑問(wèn)句(Had+主語(yǔ)+過(guò)去分詞+其他)?
、荼粍(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):主語(yǔ)+had(hadn't)+been+過(guò)去分詞+其他
過(guò)去完成時(shí)基本用法:
。1)表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或動(dòng)作以前完成了的動(dòng)作,即“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”。
可以用by, before等介詞短語(yǔ)或一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句來(lái)表示,也可以用一個(gè)表示過(guò)去的動(dòng)作來(lái)表示,還可能通過(guò)上下文來(lái)表示。
By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9點(diǎn)鐘,我們已經(jīng)收到200 張飛船發(fā)來(lái)的圖片。
。2)表示由過(guò)去的某一時(shí)刻開(kāi)始,一直延續(xù)到過(guò)去另一時(shí)間的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),常和for, since構(gòu)成的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。
He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他說(shuō)自從1949年以來(lái)他就在那家工廠工作。
。3)敘述過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情,在已敘述了過(guò)去發(fā)生的事情后,反過(guò)來(lái)追述或補(bǔ)述以前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),常使用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我對(duì)動(dòng)詞一無(wú)所知,因?yàn)槲覜](méi)有好好學(xué)習(xí)功課。
。4)在含有定語(yǔ)從句的主從復(fù)合句中,如果敘述的是過(guò)去的事,先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)
She found the key that she had lost.她丟失的鑰匙找到了。
。5)過(guò)去完成時(shí)常常用在賓語(yǔ)從句(或間接引語(yǔ))中,這時(shí)從句中的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句表示的過(guò)去的動(dòng)作之前。
I thought I had sent the letter a week before. 我認(rèn)為我一星期前就把信寄出去了。
。6)在包含有when, until等連詞的復(fù)合句中,如果主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的過(guò)去動(dòng)作不是同時(shí)發(fā)生的,
那么先發(fā)生的動(dòng)作通常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示。
She didn’t go to bed until she had finished he work.她直到把工作做完之后才睡覺(jué)。
注意:如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作緊接著發(fā)生,則常常不用過(guò)去完成時(shí),特別是在包含before和after的復(fù)合句中,因?yàn)檫@時(shí)從句的動(dòng)作和主句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后順序已經(jīng)非常明確,這時(shí)可以用一般過(guò)去時(shí)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
。7)動(dòng)詞think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等用過(guò)去完成時(shí)來(lái)表示過(guò)去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法,希望,打算或意圖等。
We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我們本來(lái)希望能來(lái)看看你。
。8)過(guò)去完成時(shí)還可用在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc) time (that)…等固定句型中。
It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.這是他那一年第三次失業(yè)了。
過(guò)去完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的區(qū)別:
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去,但側(cè)重對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或造成的影響,與現(xiàn)在有關(guān),其結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞 have (has) + 過(guò)去分詞”;
過(guò)去完成時(shí)則是一個(gè)相對(duì)的時(shí)態(tài),它所表示的動(dòng)作不僅發(fā)生在過(guò)去,更強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,只有和過(guò)去某時(shí)或某動(dòng)作相比較時(shí),才用到它。
比較:I have learned 1000 English words so far.到目前為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那時(shí)為止我已經(jīng)學(xué)會(huì)了 1000 個(gè)英語(yǔ)單詞。
— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 對(duì)不起,讓你久等了。
— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.沒(méi)什么,我只等了幾分鐘。(“等”的動(dòng)作從過(guò)去某一時(shí)間點(diǎn)持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在)
過(guò)去完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別:
雖然這兩種時(shí)態(tài)都表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),但在使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
1. 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)不同:過(guò)去完成時(shí)在時(shí)間上強(qiáng)調(diào)“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”;而一般過(guò)去時(shí)只強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去某一特定的時(shí)間。
比較:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在沒(méi)有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)作標(biāo)志時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后須依據(jù)上下文來(lái)判斷:先發(fā)生的用過(guò)去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的則用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上接連發(fā)生的動(dòng)作用 and 或 but 連接時(shí),按時(shí)間順序,只需用一般過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí);另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引導(dǎo)的從句中,由于這些連詞本身已經(jīng)表示出時(shí)間的先后,因此也可以用過(guò)去時(shí)來(lái)代替過(guò)去完成時(shí)。
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
語(yǔ)法判定:
一、由時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)來(lái)判定
一般說(shuō)來(lái),各種時(shí)態(tài)都有特定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。與過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)有:
。1) by + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
。2) by the end of + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
(3) before + 過(guò)去的時(shí)間點(diǎn)。如:
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
二、由“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”來(lái)判定
過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示“過(guò)去的過(guò)去”,是指過(guò)去某一動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動(dòng)作,即動(dòng)作有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的用過(guò)去完成時(shí),在后的用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。這種用法常出現(xiàn)在:
。1)賓語(yǔ)從句中
當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)從句的主句為一般過(guò)去時(shí),且從句的動(dòng)作先于主句的動(dòng)作時(shí),從句要用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句。如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
。2)狀語(yǔ)從句中
在時(shí)間、條件、原因、方式等狀語(yǔ)從句中,主、從句的動(dòng)作發(fā)生有先后關(guān)系,動(dòng)作在前的,要用過(guò)去完成時(shí),動(dòng)作在后的要用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意: before, after 引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表達(dá)了動(dòng)作的先后關(guān)系,若主、從句表示的動(dòng)作緊密相連,則主、從句都用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。如:
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
(3)表示意向的動(dòng)詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過(guò)去完成時(shí)表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.