賓語從句：
在句子中起賓語作用的從句叫做賓語從句。
賓語從句分為三類：動詞的賓語從句，介詞的賓語從句和形容詞的賓語從句。
賓語從句連接代詞主要有：
who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。
賓語從句的特點:
1.賓語從句可以作及物動詞、介詞及形容詞的賓語。
2.賓語從句的語序一律用陳述句語序。
3.連接詞that引導賓語從句在句中無詞義，不充當句子成份，多數(shù)情況下可以省略。
4.whether 和 if 都可引導賓語從句，但 whether后可緊跟or not；whether從句可作介詞的賓語。
5.如果從句太長，可以用形式賓語it.
賓語從句的時態(tài):
1.主句是一般現(xiàn)在時，從句根據(jù)實際情況使用任何時態(tài)。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
2.主句是過去時態(tài)，從句須用過去時態(tài)的某種形式。
例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
3.當賓語從句表示的是一個客觀真理或者事實時，即使主句是過去時，從句也用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。
例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
4. 如果從句的動作發(fā)生在主句之前，則從句要用過去完成時態(tài)。
賓語從句的語序:
A. 賓語從句必須用陳述語序。
False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job.
Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job.
B. 有時候可以用it 作形式賓語，而把真正的賓語從句放在后面。
Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible.
Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.
C. 帶有賓語從句的復合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。
Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher.
Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher.
D. 主句一般過去時態(tài)，從句也要用過去時態(tài)。
False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner.
Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner
賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移:
主句的謂語動詞是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。
并且主句的主語是第一人稱而且為一般現(xiàn)在時，從句的否定詞一般要轉(zhuǎn)移到主句上來,其反義疑問句一般與賓語從句一致。
I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能說成I think he won’t come to my party.
我認為他不會來我的舞會.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he?
我認為那個人不是Jim所殺的,是不是?
如果賓語從句中有某個含有否定意義的形容詞或副詞,其反義疑問句要用肯定形式。
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he?
我們發(fā)現(xiàn)他從來不仔細聽老師講課，是不是?
賓語從句中引導詞的用法比較
在復合句中作主句的賓語，引導詞有：
連詞：that (that �？墒÷�),whether, if
代詞：who, whose, what ,which
副詞：when ,where, how, why 等。
�。ㄒ唬﹖hat引導的賓語從句（在非正式場合that可以省略）
1.可跟that從句做賓語的動詞有：
say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
注意事項：當主句謂語動詞是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等詞，而賓語從句的意思是否定時，常把否定轉(zhuǎn)移至主句表示。
例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.
2.在以下情況中that不能省略
a.當句中的動詞后接多于兩個由that引導的賓語從句時，第一個that可省，但后面的that不可省。
例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you.
b.當主句的謂語動詞與that賓語從句之間有插入語時，that一般不可省。
例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
c.當that從句是雙賓語中的直接賓語時，that不可省。
例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died.
d.注:許多帶復合賓語的句子，that引導的賓語從句經(jīng)常移到句子后部，而用it作形式賓語。
例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time.
�。ǘ┯蓋hether,if 引導的賓語從句
1.由whether(if)引導的賓語從句，實際上是一般疑問句演變而來的。意思是“是否”。賓語從句要用陳述句語序。
一般說來，在賓語從句中whether與if可以互換使用，但在特殊情況下if與whether是不能互換的。
例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party.
2.只能用whether，不能用if引導的賓語從句
a.在帶to的不定式前
例句：We decided whether to walk there.
b.在介詞的后面
例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film.
c.在動詞后面的賓語從句時
例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week
d.直接與or not連用時
例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time.
3.只能用if不能用whether引導的賓語從句
a.if引導條件狀語從句，意為“如果”
例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
b.if引導否定概念的賓語從句時
例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
c.引導狀語從句even if（即使）和as if（好象）時
例句：He talks as if he has known all about it.
if,whether在賓語從句中的區(qū)別
a.if和whether在作“是否”解時,引導賓語從句常放在動詞know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介詞后一般不用if
b.少數(shù)動詞,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的賓語從句常用whether.
c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以.
d.在不定式前只能用whether.
�。ㄈ纾篒 can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能決定是否留下。）
e.避免歧異時,我們常用whether而不用if.
�。ㄈ┻B接代詞和連接副詞引導的賓語從句
這樣的賓語從句實際上是由特殊疑問句變化而來的，賓語從句要用陳述句語序。
用于這種結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
1.英語中的連接代詞有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中擔任主語、賓語、定語或者表語。
例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for?
2.英語中的連接副詞有：when,where,why,how，在句中擔任狀語的成分。
例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
簡化賓語從句常用六法：
方法一：
當主句謂語動詞是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，
且賓語從句的主語與主句主語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為不定式結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如：
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.
→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him.
→We decided to help him.
方法二：當主句謂語動詞是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等動詞，
且主句主語與從句主語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
She has forgotten how she can open the window.
→She has forgotten how to open the window.
注：當主句謂語動詞是tell， ask， show， teach等動詞，
且后帶雙賓語，從句主語和間接賓語一致時，賓語從句可簡化為“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the station？
→Could you tell me how to get to the station？
方法三：當主句的謂語動詞是order（命令），require（需要）等時，
如果主句和從句的主語不一致，賓語從句可簡化為“名詞（代詞）+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.
→ The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
方法四：某些動詞后的賓語從句，可以用介詞加動名詞（短語）等其他形式簡化。例如：
He insisted that he should go with us.
→He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.
→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
方法五：某些動詞后面的賓語從句可轉(zhuǎn)化為“賓語+V-ing形式（作賓語補足語）”結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.
→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
方法六：動詞seem后的賓語從句，也可以用不定式（短語）來簡化，但句型需要進行適當?shù)淖兓�。例如�?/p>
It seemed that the boys were going to win.
→The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外，還有一些特殊句式的轉(zhuǎn)化。例如：
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.
→I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.
→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy.
→They found the box very heavy