獨立主格結構：
是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語，加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動詞不定式或介詞短語作為邏輯謂語構成。
這種結構在形式上與主句沒有關系，通常稱為“獨立主格結構”。
獨立主格的形式:
一、一般獨立主格形式
與主句邏輯關系松散
形式為: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. +不定式; n. +介詞短語; n. +形容詞; n. +副詞;
�、倜~/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動關系。
如：
The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.
姑娘兩眼望著他，他不知道說什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果時間允許的話，我們明天去郊游。
�、诿~/主格代詞+過去分詞
名詞/主格代詞與過去分詞之間是被動關系。
如：
The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
隨著問題的解決，質量已經(jīng)提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
由于眼鏡摔壞了，她看不見黑板上的字。
�、勖~/主格代詞+不定式
名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主動關系，且強調的是一次具體性的動作。
如：
He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.
借助于一些舊零件，他要做一個飛機模型。
They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.
他們道別后，一個回了家，一個去了書店。
�、苊~/主格代詞+形容詞
如：
An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.
那架飛機遭遇了空難，無一人生還。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
這么多人缺席，會議不得不取消。
�、菝~/主格代詞+副詞
如：
He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 會議一結束，他們就都回家了。
�、廾~/主格代詞+介詞短語
如：
The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.瑪麗靠近火爐坐著，背對著門。
�、呙~/主格代詞+名詞
His first shot failure，he fired again．
他第一槍沒擊中，又打了一槍。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
兩百人死于事故，其中有許多兒童。
二、- with 引導的獨立主格:與主句邏輯關系緊密
形式為: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介詞短語
with ( without)+賓語（名詞/代詞）+賓語補足語，賓語通常由名詞或代詞充當，但代詞一定要用賓格。
上文的獨立主格結構的幾種情況都適用于此結構。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起來，沒有人知道它在哪里。（without +名詞/代詞+動詞的-ing形式）
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她沒再說什么話就離開了會議室。（without+名詞/代詞+動詞的-ed形式）
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動。（with+名詞/代詞+動詞不定式）
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父親在前，小孩在后走著。（with+名詞/代詞+副詞）
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。（with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語）
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于兒子如此令人失望，老人感到很不快樂。（with+名詞/代詞+形容詞）
在with (without) 的復合結構中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
三、- each引導的強調型獨立主格:
形式為:句子 +復數(shù)名詞結尾 , each +介詞短語/形容詞短語/名詞短語/-ing形式/-ed形式
這種獨立主格結構為了強調句尾的復數(shù)名詞
如:
Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive
四、其他形式 :
There being +名詞（代詞）
如：
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。
It being +名詞（代詞）
如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。
獨立主格運用注意：
1.獨立主格轉換成狀語從句，當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.
下課后，學生很快離開了課室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如：
Itbeing Sunday, we went to church.
因為是星期天，我們去做了禮拜。
(2)在There being+名詞的結構中。如：
There beingno bus, we had to go home on foot.
因為沒有公共汽車，所以我們不得不步行回家。
3. 在“名詞（或代詞）+介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.
史密斯小姐走進了課室，手里拿著一本書。
比較with的復合結構。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.
4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式.
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
主編來了，我們開始開會。(比較動名詞復合結構。)
獨立主格結構的用法：
獨立主格結構主要表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。
1.用作時間狀語
The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home.
工作完成后，我們就回家了。
2.用作條件狀語
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
3.用作原因狀語
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.
因為明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4.用作伴隨狀語
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).
他躺在草地上，將兩手交叉枕在腦后。
5.表示補充說明
We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.
我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。
注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；
表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。