獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu):
是由名詞或代詞作為邏輯主語(yǔ),加上分詞、形容詞、副詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或介詞短語(yǔ)作為邏輯謂語(yǔ)構(gòu)成。
這種結(jié)構(gòu)在形式上與主句沒有關(guān)系,通常稱為“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。
獨(dú)立主格的形式:
一、一般獨(dú)立主格形式
與主句邏輯關(guān)系松散
形式為: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. +不定式; n. +介詞短語(yǔ); n. +形容詞; n. +副詞;
、倜~/主格代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞
名詞/主格代詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系。
如:
The girl staring at him(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.
姑娘兩眼望著他,他不知道說(shuō)什么好。
Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果時(shí)間允許的話,我們明天去郊游。
②名詞/主格代詞+過(guò)去分詞
名詞/主格代詞與過(guò)去分詞之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。
如:
The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.
隨著問(wèn)題的解決,質(zhì)量已經(jīng)提高了。
Her glasses broken(= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words on the blackboard.
由于眼鏡摔壞了,她看不見黑板上的字。
、勖~/主格代詞+不定式
名詞/主格代詞與不定式之間是主動(dòng)關(guān)系,且強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一次具體性的動(dòng)作。
如:
He is going to make a model plane,some old parts to help.
借助于一些舊零件,他要做一個(gè)飛機(jī)模型。
They said good-bye to each other,one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.
他們道別后,一個(gè)回了家,一個(gè)去了書店。
、苊~/主格代詞+形容詞
如:
An air accident happened to the plane,nobody alive.
那架飛機(jī)遭遇了空難,無(wú)一人生還。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
這么多人缺席,會(huì)議不得不取消。
⑤名詞/主格代詞+副詞
如:
He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
The meeting over, they all went home. 會(huì)議一結(jié)束,他們就都回家了。
、廾~/主格代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)
如:
The boy goes to the classroom,book in hand. 那男孩手里拿著書去教室。
Mary was sitting near the fire,her back towards the door.瑪麗靠近火爐坐著,背對(duì)著門。
⑦名詞/主格代詞+名詞
His first shot failure,he fired again.
他第一槍沒擊中,又打了一槍。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
兩百人死于事故,其中有許多兒童。
二、- with 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格:與主句邏輯關(guān)系緊密
形式為: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. +介詞短語(yǔ)
with ( without)+賓語(yǔ)(名詞/代詞)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞或代詞充當(dāng),但代詞一定要用賓格。
上文的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況都適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起來(lái),沒有人知道它在哪里。(without +名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式)
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她沒再說(shuō)什么話就離開了會(huì)議室。(without+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式)
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有這么多的名勝可參觀,小孩很激動(dòng)。(with+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式)
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父親在前,小孩在后走著。(with+名詞/代詞+副詞)
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在門口,手里拿著一部電腦。(with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ))
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂(lè)。(with+名詞/代詞+形容詞)
在with (without) 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,多數(shù)情況下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。
三、- each引導(dǎo)的強(qiáng)調(diào)型獨(dú)立主格:
形式為:句子 +復(fù)數(shù)名詞結(jié)尾 , each +介詞短語(yǔ)/形容詞短語(yǔ)/名詞短語(yǔ)/-ing形式/-ed形式
這種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)句尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞
如:
Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided into five groups,each with its own executive
四、其他形式 :
There being +名詞(代詞)
如:
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做,我們就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了,我宣布散會(huì)。
It being +名詞(代詞)
如:
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故,政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日,所有商店都關(guān)門了。
獨(dú)立主格運(yùn)用注意:
1.獨(dú)立主格轉(zhuǎn)換成狀語(yǔ)從句,當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)不是指同一個(gè)對(duì)象時(shí),可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)取代狀語(yǔ)從句,但不再保留連詞。如:
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.
下課后,學(xué)生很快離開了課室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形:在下列兩種情況下,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的being(或having been)不能省略。
(1) 獨(dú)立主格的邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí)。如:
Itbeing Sunday, we went to church.
因?yàn)槭切瞧谔,我們(nèi)プ隽硕Y拜。
(2)在There being+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中。如:
There beingno bus, we had to go home on foot.
因?yàn)闆]有公共汽車,所以我們不得不步行回家。
3. 在“名詞(或代詞)+介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中,一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如:
Miss Smith entered the classroom,book in hand.
史密斯小姐走進(jìn)了課室,手里拿著一本書。
比較with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。如:
Miss Smith entered the classroom,with a book in her hand.
4. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)沒有所有格形式.
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting.
主編來(lái)了,我們開始開會(huì)。(比較動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。)
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法:
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或并列句。
1.用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home.
工作完成后,我們就回家了。
2.用作條件狀語(yǔ)
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。
3.用作原因狀語(yǔ)
An important lecture to be given tomorrow(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night.
因?yàn)槊魈煲l(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4.用作伴隨狀語(yǔ)
He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head(=and his hands were crossed under his head).
他躺在草地上,將兩手交叉枕在腦后。
5.表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明
We redoubled our efforts,each man working like two.
我們加倍努力,一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。
注:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間、條件或原因時(shí),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句,一般放在句首,表示原因時(shí)還可放在句末;
表伴隨狀況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句,通常放于句末。