定語從句是高中英語重點(diǎn)知識(shí),也是高考常考點(diǎn),學(xué)生不容易掌握,下面主要講解英語定語從句講義總結(jié),定語從句學(xué)習(xí)要點(diǎn)歸納，喜歡就收藏一下吧。
1. 定語從句的概念和特點(diǎn)
定語從句在復(fù)合句中起定語作用，修飾主句中的名詞或代詞。被定語從句所修飾的詞叫先行詞。定語從句一般在先行詞之后。引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞叫關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞在先行詞與定語從句之間起紐帶作用。關(guān)系詞代表著先行詞并在定語從句中充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。如：
A man who sells books in a shop is called a bookseller. 開店售書的人叫做書商。(who sells books為定語從句，修飾先行詞a man)
The discussion was on the election which had taken place the day before. 討論的內(nèi)容全是有關(guān)前一天選舉的事。(which had taken place the day before為定語從句，修飾先行詞the election)
2. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法
根據(jù)關(guān)系詞在定語從句中的不同用法，可分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等，在定語從句中作主語、賓語、定語等；關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where, why等，在定語從句中作狀語。具體用法如下：
(1)關(guān)系代詞的用法：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，若它在從句中作主語，則用who；若它在從句作賓語，則用whom或who；若它在從句中作定語，則用whose。如：
The man who told me this refused to tell me his name. 告訴我這事的人不肯告訴我他的名字。
The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it. 你拿了那個(gè)女人的傘，她非常生氣。
當(dāng)先行詞指物時(shí)，若在定語從句中作主語或賓語，則用which；若它在定語從句中作定語用，則用of which或whose。如：
I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在報(bào)上看到一樣可能使你感興趣的東西。
He’s written a book the name of which (whose name) I’ve forgotten. 他寫了一本書，書名我給忘了。
(2) 關(guān)系副詞的用法：關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where, why等，在定語從句中作狀語，分別表示時(shí)間、在點(diǎn)和原因。when主要放在time, day, years, season, age, occasion等時(shí)間的名詞后；where主要放在place, city, town, village, house等地點(diǎn)名詞后；why則通常只放在reason后。如：
Wednesday is the day when the shops are not open in the afternoon. 星期三下午商店不開門。
Give me one reason why we should help you. 給我舉出一個(gè)我們應(yīng)當(dāng)幫助你的理由。
要特別注意，activity, case, point, even, situation, job, organization, position等抽象名詞后接where引導(dǎo)定語從句的用法(這是近幾年高考的一個(gè)新熱點(diǎn))。如：
I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐辦公桌前的工作。
Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天，我們將討論一些英語初學(xué)者對(duì)英語使用不當(dāng)?shù)膯栴}。
The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely. 治療將會(huì)持續(xù)到病人可以正常且安全地行走。
If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的東西去冒險(xiǎn)，那你就是將它置于一種可能會(huì)失去它的危險(xiǎn)境地。
3. 關(guān)于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句
對(duì)于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，同學(xué)們主要應(yīng)注意兩點(diǎn)，一是要判斷其中的關(guān)系代詞是用which還是whom（看它是指人還是指物），二是要判斷其中介詞的正確選用。下面給同學(xué)們歸納方法。
(1) 根據(jù)定語從句中動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配來判斷介詞
The documents for which they were searching have been recovered. 他們找尋的文件已經(jīng)找到了。(注意搭配search for)
I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss books and music. 我想找到一個(gè)可以和我談書和音樂的人。(注意搭配discuss sth with sb)
(2) 根據(jù)定語從句中形容詞與介詞的搭配來判斷介詞
He referred me to some reference books with which I am not very familiar. 他我要去參考一些我不熟悉的參考書。(注意搭配be familiar with)
(3) 根據(jù)先行詞與介詞的搭配習(xí)慣來判斷介詞
This is our classroom, in the front of which there is a teacher’s desk. 這是我們的教室，前面有老師的講臺(tái)。(注意搭配in the front of our classroom)
I’ll never forget the day on which she said goodbye to me. 我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記她與我們告別的那一天。(注意搭配on the day)
(4) 根據(jù)所屬關(guān)系確定of which (whom)結(jié)構(gòu)
On the blackboard the teacher wrote a sentence, the meaning of which I don’t understand. 老師在黑板上寫了一個(gè)句子，句子的意思我不明白。(注意搭配the meaning of the sentence)
(5) 根據(jù)整體與部分的關(guān)系確定of which (whom)結(jié)構(gòu)
I have five English dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best. 我有5本英語詞典，其中最好的是朗文詞典。(注意搭配of the five dictionaries)
The buses, most of which were already full, were surrounded by an angry crowd. 多數(shù)公共汽車已經(jīng)上滿了人，周圍是一伙憤怒的群眾。(注意搭配most of the buses)
(6) 根據(jù)同位關(guān)系確定of which (whom)結(jié)構(gòu)
Her sons, both of whom work abroad, rang her up this morning. 她的兩個(gè)兒子都在國外工作，今天早上給她來了電話。(注意搭配both of her sons)
注：關(guān)系副詞when, where和why有時(shí)也可以用“介詞＋which”替代，其中介詞的選用也需視句中的搭配而定。
4. 關(guān)于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)
“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)是一種緊縮的定語從句。在正式文體中，當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞用作介詞的賓語時(shí)，有時(shí)可用“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)來簡化定語從句。如：
她必須有冷靜下來時(shí)的時(shí)間。
正：She must have time in which she can grow calm.
正：She must have time in which to grow calm.
給我一點(diǎn)時(shí)間換衣服。
正：Allow me one minute in which I can change my clothes.
正：Allow me one minute in which to change my clothes.
他要是沒有鄰居吵架就難受。
正：He was miserable unless he had neighbors with whom he could quarrel.
正：He was miserable unless he had neighbors with whom to quarrel.
若語義清楚，且結(jié)構(gòu)恰當(dāng)，“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”有時(shí)可進(jìn)一步將其中的關(guān)系代詞省略，而只保留介詞和不定式(介詞要移至不定式之后，且當(dāng)先行詞為表時(shí)間的名詞時(shí)，該介詞通常省略)。如：
She must have time to grow calm (in). 她必須有冷靜下來時(shí)的時(shí)間。
Allow me one minute to change my clothes (in). 給我一點(diǎn)時(shí)間換衣服。
He was miserable unless he had neighbors to quarrel with. 他要是沒有鄰居吵架就難受。
值得指出的是，“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中的介詞不能沒有，并且該介詞也不能位于不定式后面。如：
在那兒孩子們有個(gè)玩耍的花園。
正：There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)
正：There the children had a garden in which they could play. (較正式)
正：There the children had a garden to play in. (較口語化)
誤：There the children had a garden which to play in.
5. 限制性和非限制性定語從句的比較
限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾、限制或確定的作用，若去掉，先行詞的意思就不明確，它是不可缺少的一部分，它與先行詞的關(guān)系密不可分，不可用逗號(hào)將其分開。而非限制性定語從句只是對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用，它可有可無，與先行詞關(guān)系松散，通常用逗號(hào)將其分開。因此，有無逗號(hào)是區(qū)分限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的重要標(biāo)志。如：
He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽車被竊的人。(whose引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句)
People who take physical exercise live longer. 進(jìn)行體育鍛煉的人活得長些。(who引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句)
Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 水是一種清澈的液體，有許多用途。(which…為非限制性定語從句)
We’ll put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我們將把野餐推遲到下星期，那時(shí)天氣可能會(huì)好一點(diǎn)。
注意：that和why可以引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，但不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。另外，在限制性定語從句中，關(guān)系代詞用作賓語可以省略，而在非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系詞一律不能省略。
6. 關(guān)系代詞that與which的用法區(qū)別
兩者都可指物，�？苫Q。其區(qū)別主要在于：
(1) 通常要用which的場合：
�、僖龑�(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，通常要用which。如：
She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀請(qǐng)，這是她意想不到的。
�、谥苯臃旁诮樵~后作賓語時(shí)，通常要用which。如：
The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那個(gè)工具叫做錘子。
(2) 通常多用that的場合：
�、佼�(dāng)先行詞是下列不定代詞或被它們修飾時(shí)much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing) 等時(shí)，通常用that：
All (Everything) that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必須做。
但在現(xiàn)代英語中，在something, anything, everything等之后用which引導(dǎo)定語從句的現(xiàn)象也很普通。
�、诋�(dāng)先行詞有the very, the only, the same 等修飾時(shí)，通常用that。如：
This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有這一個(gè)。
Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原話。
�、郛�(dāng)先行詞有形容詞最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞(包括last, next等)等修飾時(shí)，通常用that。如：
This is the best dictionary that I’ve ever used. 這是我用過的最好的詞典。
The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你應(yīng)該做的第一件事是訂個(gè)計(jì)劃。
④當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中用作表語時(shí)，通常用that。如：
China is not the country (that) it was. 中國已不是過去的中國了。
�、莓�(dāng)先行詞是一個(gè)既指人又指物的并列詞組時(shí)，通常用that。如：
They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他們談?wù)摿耸顾麄冇∠笞钌畹娜撕褪隆?/p>
�、蕻�(dāng)要避免重復(fù)時(shí)。如：
Which is the course that we are to take? 我們選哪門課程？
7. 關(guān)系代詞as與which的用法區(qū)別
引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，有時(shí)兩者可互換。如：
I live a long way from work, as (which) you know. 我住得離工作單位很遠(yuǎn)，這你是知道的。
(1)通常要用as的場合：
①當(dāng)從句位于主句前面時(shí)，只用 as。如：
As is well known, more people get colds in wet weather. 眾所周知，大多數(shù)人在雨天感冒。
②用于such, as, the same后引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí)，只能用as。如：
Such advice as he was given proved almost worthless. 給他提的那類建議簡直毫無價(jià)值。
He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford. 他抽一種他買得起的最貴的煙。
You must show my wife the same respect as you show me. 你必須對(duì)我妻子表現(xiàn)出與對(duì)我同樣的敬重。
(2)兩者的細(xì)微區(qū)別：
�、賏s引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句應(yīng)與主句在意義上和諧一致，which無此限制。如：
He went abroad, as (which) was expected. 他出國了，這是大家預(yù)料到的。
He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出國了，這讓大家感到很意外。(不用as)
�、赼s引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句時(shí)，先行詞通常不能是主句中某個(gè)具體的詞，而應(yīng)是整個(gè)句子、整個(gè)短語或某個(gè)短語推斷出來的概念，而which 則無此限制。如：
The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 這條流經(jīng)倫敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)
�、郛�(dāng)as引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句作主語時(shí)，其謂語通常應(yīng)是連系動(dòng)詞，而不宜是其他動(dòng)詞，而 which則無此限制。如：
She has married again, as (which) seemed natural. 她又結(jié)婚了，這似乎很正常。
She has married again, which delighted us. 她又結(jié)婚了，這使我們很高興。(不用as)