不定代詞概說:
英語的不定代詞有all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, few, little, both, enough, every等,以及由some,any,no和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞(即somebody, anyone, nothing等)。在這些不定代詞中,多數(shù)都能作主語、賓語、表語或定語,但是代詞none以及由some, any, no和every構(gòu)成的合成代詞只能作主語、賓語或表語,不能作定語,而no和every則只用作定語。
不定代詞用法對(duì)比:
1、so little與such little的區(qū)別:
用so little還是such little取決于little的意思:若表示數(shù)量方面的“少”,則用so little;若表示形狀體積的“小”,則用such little:
如:He has so little time for reading. 他讀書的時(shí)間少得可憐。
I've never seen such little boxes. 我從未見過那樣小的盒子。
2、some與any的用法區(qū)別:
一般說來,some用于肯定句中,any用于否定句和疑問句中。但是,在表示請(qǐng)求、邀請(qǐng)或征求意見的句子中,通常要用some而不用any:
如:Would you like some cake? 吃點(diǎn)蛋糕嗎?
Why not buy some bread? 為什么不買些面包呢?
Shall I get some chalk for you? 要我?guī)湍隳眯┓酃P來嗎?
注:any有時(shí)也用于肯定句中,此時(shí)表示“任何”:
如:Any colour will do. 任何顏色都行。
Come any day you like. 隨便哪天來都可以。
3、many與much的用法區(qū)別:
兩者都表示“許多”,但many修飾或代替可數(shù)名詞(復(fù)數(shù)),與few(少數(shù))相對(duì);
而much用來修飾或代替不可數(shù)名詞(單數(shù)),與little(少量)相對(duì)。在口語中兩者主要用于非肯定句中:
如:Did you see many people there? 你在那兒看見許多人了嗎?
We don't have much time. 我們沒有許多時(shí)間。
在肯定句中,一般用a lot of, lots of, plenty of 等代之。但在正式文體中有時(shí)也用于肯定句中;
另外,若用作主語或主語的定語,或其前有how, too, as, so, a good, a great等修飾,也可用于肯定句中:
如:Many of us left early. 我們有許多人離開得很早。
Much work has been done. 許多工作都已經(jīng)做了。
You've given me too much. 你已給我太多了。
Take as many(much) as you want. 你要多少拿多少。
I asked her a great many questions. 我問了她許多問題。
4、few, a few與little, a little的用法區(qū)別:
。1)few和a few后接可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。few表示數(shù)量很少或幾乎沒有,強(qiáng)調(diào)“少”,含有否定意義;
a few表示數(shù)量雖然少但畢竟還有,強(qiáng)調(diào)“有”,含有肯定意義:
如:It is very difficult, and few people understand it. 它很難,沒有幾個(gè)人能懂。
It is very difficult, but a few people understand it. 他雖難,但是有些人懂。
。2)little和alittle之后接不可數(shù)名詞,其區(qū)別跟few和a few之間的區(qū)別相似:
如:Unfortunately, I had little money on me. 很不巧,我身上沒帶什么錢。
Fortunately, I had a little money on me. 幸好我身上帶著一點(diǎn)錢。
5、other, the other, another與others的用法區(qū)別:
這些不定代詞不僅在含義上有單復(fù)數(shù)之分,而且在用法上有泛指(無the)和特指(有the)之別。其用法區(qū)別可歸納如下:
(1)指單數(shù)時(shí),若泛指用another,若特指用the other:
如:Give me another(one). 另外給我一個(gè)。
Shut the other eye, please. 請(qǐng)把另一只眼睛也閉上。
。2)指復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),若泛指用other(后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞),若特指用the other(后接復(fù)數(shù)名詞):
如:There are other ways of doing it. 做這事還有其他的辦法。
Where have the other students gone? 其他學(xué)生都到哪里去了?
。3)others永遠(yuǎn)表示復(fù)數(shù)意義(且其后不能再接名詞)。其用法大致相當(dāng)于“other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”,同樣地the others大致相當(dāng)于“the other+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”:
如:Other people[Others] may not think that way. 別的人可能不這樣想。
He is cleverer than the others[the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他學(xué)生聰明。
。4)another一般只能表單數(shù),且其后接名詞也只能接單數(shù)名詞。但是若其后有數(shù)詞或few修飾時(shí),則也可接復(fù)數(shù)名詞:
如:We need another few chairs. 我們還需要幾把椅子。
In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再過兩個(gè)星期就可做完了。
(5)與some對(duì)比使用時(shí),用others(此時(shí)與some同義):
如:Some say yes, and others say no. 有人說對(duì),有人說不對(duì)。
不定代詞用法點(diǎn)撥:
1、指兩者和三者的不定代詞:
有些不定代詞用于指兩者(如both, either, neither),有的不定代詞用于指三者(如all, any, none, every),注意不要弄混:
如:Both of my parents are doctors. 我的父母都是醫(yī)生。
All of the students are interested in it. 所有的學(xué)生對(duì)此都很感興趣。
There are trees on any side of the square. 廣場的每一邊都種有樹。
He has two sons, neither of whom is rich. 他有兩個(gè)兒子,都不富有。
He has three sons, none of whom is rich. 他有三個(gè)兒子,都不富有。
注:each可用于兩者、三者或三者以上,而every只用于三者或三者以上,因此用于兩者時(shí)只能用each,不能用every。
2、復(fù)合不定代詞的用法特點(diǎn):
復(fù)合不定代詞包括something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone, nothing, nobody, noone, everything, everybody, everyone等。它們?cè)诰渲锌捎米髦髡Z、賓語或表語,但不能用作定語。something, someone等和anything, anyone等的區(qū)別與some和any的區(qū)別一樣,前者一般用于肯定句,后者一般用于否定句、疑問句或條件句。具體使用時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):
。1)復(fù)合不定代詞受定語修飾時(shí),定語應(yīng)放在它們后面:
如:There is nothing wrong with the radio. 這收音機(jī)沒有毛病。
Have you seen anyone[anybody] famous? 你見過名人嗎?
。2)指人的復(fù)合不定代詞若用作主語,其謂語動(dòng)詞一般用單數(shù),相應(yīng)的人稱代詞和物主代詞也用單數(shù)he, him, his(不一定指男性)。但在非正式文體中常用復(fù)數(shù)代詞they, them, their:
如:Everyone knows this, doesn't he[don't they]? 人人都知道這一點(diǎn),不是嗎?
If anybody[anyone] comes, ask him[them] to wait. 要是有人來,讓他等著。
。3)指事物的復(fù)合不定代詞若用作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞只能用單數(shù),相應(yīng)的人稱代詞也只能用it,而不用they:
如:Everything is ready, isn't it? 一切都準(zhǔn)備好了,是嗎?
。4)anyone, everyone等只能指人,不能指物,且其后一般不接of 短語。若是指物或后接of 短語,可用any one, every one(分開寫):
如:any one of the boys(books) 孩子們(書)當(dāng)中的任何一個(gè)(本)
every one of the students(schools) 每一個(gè)學(xué)生(一所學(xué)校)
3、是any not還是not any:
按英語習(xí)慣,any以及含有any的復(fù)合不定代詞用于否定句時(shí),它只能出現(xiàn)在否定詞之后,而不能在否定詞之前:
誤:Anyone doesn't know how to do it.
正:No one knows how to do it.任何人都不知道如何做它。
誤:Anybody[Anyone] can not do it.
正:Nobody[Noone] can do it.這事誰也干不了。
誤:Anything can not prevent me from going.
正:Nothing can prevent me from going. 什么也不能阻擋我去。
4、不定代詞與部分否定:
不定代詞all, both, every等與not連用時(shí)構(gòu)成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,則需換用none, neither, no one等。
比較:All of the students like the novel. 所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說。
Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說。
All of the students don't like the novel. 并不是所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說。
None of the students like the novel. 這些學(xué)生當(dāng)中沒有一個(gè)喜歡這本小說。
5、all, both, each等用作同位語:
若用作主語同位語,主語可以是名詞或代詞;若用作賓語等其他成分的同位語,則賓語等成分必須是人稱代詞,而不能是名詞:
如:We have all read it. 我們都讀過他。(all修飾的主語是代詞)
The villages have all been destroyed. 村莊都被毀了。(all修飾的主語是名詞)
They told us all to wait there. 他叫我們都在那兒等。(all修飾的賓語是代詞)
但不能說:They told the men all to wait there. (all修飾的賓語是名詞不是代詞)
不定代詞知識(shí)體系:
不定代詞與語境考題:
不定代詞是高考的常考考點(diǎn),有的不定代詞考題出得比較靈活,不能死套規(guī)則,要注意結(jié)合語境來理解:
例1:—Is____here?
—No, Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A. anybody
B. everybody
C. somebody
D. nobody
解析:
若只是從表面來看,填空句是個(gè)疑問句,可能會(huì)誤選A。但其實(shí)此題最佳答案應(yīng)選B,因?yàn)橄挛牡拇鹁湔f“只有Bob和Tim請(qǐng)假了”,這說明問句是在查人數(shù),故用Is everybody here? (大家都到齊了嗎?)
例2:I agree with most of what you said, but I don't agree with_____.
A. everything
B. anything
C. something
D. nothing
解析:
此句若從表面看,有可能誤選B,因?yàn)樘羁站錇榉穸ň洹5珜?shí)際上最佳答案為A,因?yàn)樯衔恼f“我同意他說的大部分內(nèi)容”,這與下文的but I don't agree with everything (但并不是同意他說的所有內(nèi)容)完全相符。
例3:—Doyouhave_____athomenow,Mary?
—No, we still have to get some fruit and tea.
A. something
B. anything
C. everything
D. nothing
解析:答案:C,句意為“瑪麗,現(xiàn)在家里東西都準(zhǔn)備齊了嗎?”“還沒有,我們還要買些水果和茶。”
例4:—If you want a necklace, I'll buy one for you at once.
—Oh, no. A necklace is not_____that I need most.
A. anything
B. something
C. nothing
D. everything
解析:
此題容易誤選A,機(jī)械地認(rèn)為:something用于肯定句,anything用于否定句或疑問句。但是,此題的最佳答案是B,something在此的意思不是“某種東西”,而是指“那種東西”或“這種東西”,即心中最想要的那種東西(相當(dāng)于the thing)。