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 欄目類別:知識點(diǎn) >> 高中 >> 英語

介詞和介詞短語

更新時間:2016/7/20 12:49:00  手機(jī)版

  介詞和介詞短語的概念:

  介詞是一種用來表示詞與詞、詞與句之間的關(guān)系的虛詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)作句子成分。介詞后面一般有名詞、代詞或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類,短語或從句作它的賓語。介詞和它的賓語構(gòu)成介詞詞組,在句中作狀語,表語,補(bǔ)語或介詞賓語。介詞可以分為時間介詞、地點(diǎn)介詞、方式介詞和其他介詞。

  誤用介詞的三種情況:

  1、多用介詞:

  多用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將及物動詞誤用作不及物動詞,也可能是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響而用錯:

  誤:We discussed about the plan.

  正:We discussed the plan. 我們討論了計劃。

  誤:Did he mention about the accident?

  正:Did he mention the accident? 他提到那次事故了嗎?

  誤:I saw her enter into the bank.

  正:I saw her enter the bank. 我看見她進(jìn)了銀行。

  誤:He married with[to] a nurse.

  正:He married a nurse. 他同一位護(hù)士結(jié)了婚。

  誤:How can contact with you?

  正:How can contact you? 我怎么與你聯(lián)系?

  誤:We should serve for the people heart and soul.

  正:We should serve the people heart and soul. 我們應(yīng)該全心全意地為人民服務(wù)。

  誤:Who controls over the factory? (但名詞control可接over)

  正:Who controls the factory? 誰管理這個工廠?

  誤:He has a great many of friends here. (比較a great number of)

  正:He has a great many friends here. 他在這兒有很多朋友。

  2、漏用介詞:

  漏用介詞可能是受漢語意思的影響將不及物動詞誤用作及物動詞,或是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響的影響而用錯等:

  誤:This matter is difficult to deal. (deal with=處理)

  正:This matter is difficult to deal with. 這事很難處理。

  誤:He is not a man to be depended.

  正:He is not a man to be depended on. 他不是個可靠的人。

  誤:He took a cup of tea, and went on the story.

  正:He took a cup of tea, and wentonwiththestory.他喝了一口茶,又接著講故事。

  誤:My mother still regards me a child. (比較consider…as中的as可省略)

  正:My mother still regards me as a child. 我母親還把我當(dāng)小孩看。

  誤:They insisted sending a car over to fetch us.

  正:They insisted on sending a car over to fetch us.他們堅持要派車來接我們。

  誤:What he says is worth listening.

  正:What he said is worth listening to.他的話值得一聽。

  3、錯用介詞:

  錯用介詞的情況比較復(fù)雜,可能是因受漢語意思的而錯,也可能是因弄不清搭配關(guān)系而錯,可能是混淆用法而錯,也可能是受相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響而錯,可能是忽略語境而錯,也可能是想當(dāng)然的用錯:

  誤:She called on his office yesterday. (call on+人,call at+地點(diǎn))

  正:She called at his office yesterday. 她昨天去了他辦公室拜訪。

  誤:He is engaged with a nurse.

  正:He is engaged to a nurse.他與一位護(hù)士訂了婚。

  誤:The sun rises from the east.

  正:The sun rises in the east.太陽從東方升起。

  誤:Under his help, I finished it in time.

  正:With his help, I finished it in time. 在他的幫助下,我及時做完了。

  誤:During he was in Japan, he visited many places.

  正:During his stay in Japan, he visited many places.他在日本期間,參觀過許多地方。

  誤:We are familiar to his character.

  正:We are familiar with his character.我們了解他的性格。

  誤:Help yourself with the fruit.

  正:Help yourself to the fruit.吃點(diǎn)水果吧。

  介詞的賓語:

  1、名詞或代詞作介詞賓語:

  如:Are you interested in history? 你對歷史感興趣嗎?

  Don't worry about it. 別為它擔(dān)心。

  注:若是人稱代詞用作介詞賓語,要注意用賓格。

  如:No one can sing like her. 沒有人能像她那樣唱歌。(不能用like she)

  2、動名詞作介詞賓語:

  如:He is good at telling stories. 他善于講故事。

  In crossing the street he was run over. 他在穿過馬路時被汽車撞倒。

  3、過去分詞作介詞賓語:

  如:We can't regard the matter as settled. 我們不能認(rèn)為這事已經(jīng)解決。

  I take it for granted you have read the book. 我以為你讀過這本書。

  注:過去分詞用作介詞賓語通常只見于某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中,如上面第1句涉及regard…as(認(rèn)為…是)結(jié)構(gòu),第2句涉及take sth for granted(認(rèn)為某事屬實(shí))。在其他情況下,介詞后通常不直接跟過去分詞作賓語,若語義上需要接過去分詞(表被動),可換用“being+過去分詞”:

  如:He went out without being seen by the others.他出去了,沒有被其他人看見。

  4、從句作介詞賓語:

  如:He was not satisfied with what she said. 他對她說的不滿意。

  I'm worried about where he is. 我擔(dān)心他上哪兒去了。

  注:介詞后通常不接that從句,遇此情況需考慮用其他結(jié)構(gòu):

  誤:He paid no attention to that she was poor.

  正:He paid no attention to the fact that she was poor. 他根本不注意她很窮這一事實(shí)。

  但有個別介詞(如except)可接that從句。

  比較:I know nothing about him except that he lives next door./I know nothing about him except for the fact that he lives next door. 我只知道他住在隔壁,其它的就不知道了。

  5、不定式作介詞賓語:

  如:I had no choice but to wait. 除了等,我沒有別的選擇。

  He wanted nothing but to stay there. 他只想留在那兒。

  They did nothing but complain. 他們老是一個勁地抱怨。

  He never did anything but watch TV. 除了看電視,他從不干任何事。

  注:(1)介詞后接不定式的情形通常只見于but, except等極個別個詞。該不定式有時帶to,有時不帶to,其區(qū)別是:若其前出現(xiàn)了動詞do,其后的不定式通常不帶to;

  若其前沒有出現(xiàn)動詞do,則其后的不定式通常帶to。

  (2)介詞后雖然通常不直接跟不定式作賓語,但卻可接“連接代詞(副詞)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu):

  如:He gave me some advice on how to do it. 對于如何做這事他給我提了些建議。

  6、形容詞作介詞賓語:

  如:Her pronunciation is far from perfect. 她的語音遠(yuǎn)不是完美的。

  In short, we must be prepared. 總而言之,我們要有準(zhǔn)備。

  Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越來越糟。

  注:(1)有些形容詞用作介詞賓語可視為其前省略了動名詞being:

  如:He regarded the situationas(being) serious. 他認(rèn)為形勢嚴(yán)重。

  His work is far from(being) satisfactory. 他的工作絲毫不令人滿意。

  (2)有些“介詞+形容詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)已構(gòu)成固定搭配:in full全部地,全面地,無省略地; in private私下地,秘密地; in particular特別地;in general一般地,通常地,概括地; in brief 簡言之;in short總之,簡言之; in vain徒然地,徒勞無益地;for fee免費(fèi)地,無償?shù)兀?for certain肯定地,確切地;for sure肯定地,確切地; for short為了簡短,簡稱;atl arge自由自在地,逍遙法外; by far…得多

  7、副詞作介詞賓語:

  如:I can't stay for long. 我不能久呆。

  It's too hot in here. 這里面太熱了。

  I looked every where except there. 除了那兒,我到處都看過了。

  8、數(shù)詞作介詞賓語:

  如:The city has a population of four million. 這座城市有四百萬人口。

  He was among the first to arrive. 他是第一批到的。

  9、介詞短語作介詞賓語:

  如:Choose a book from among these. 從這些書中選一本吧。

  I saw her from across the street. 我從街的對面望見了她。

  注:通常可后接介詞短語作賓語的介詞是from, till, until, since, except, instead of等。

  比較:I took it from the bed. 我從床那兒(或床上)拿的。

  I took it from under the bed. 我從床下拿的。

  10、復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作介詞賓語:

  如:She had no objection to Mary marrying him. 她不反對瑪麗與他結(jié)婚。

  She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進(jìn)來。

  All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。

  介詞短語的句法功能:

  1、表語:

  如:He was with a friend. 他和一個朋友在一起。

  Health is above wealth. 健康勝過財富。

  This knife is for cutting bread. 這把小刀是用于切面包的。

  注:有些介詞(如because of)引出的短語通常只用作狀語,不用作表語:

  誤:His absence is because of the rain.

  正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未來。

  但是,若主語是代詞(不是名詞),becauseof引出的短語可用作表語:

  如:It is because of hard work. 那是因為辛苦工作的原因。

  2、狀語:

  如:Don't touch it with your hands. 別用手去摸它。

  Did you do this by design or by accident? 你這樣做是有意的還是無意的?

  3、定語:

  如:This is his reply to your letter. 這是他給你的回信。

  This is the best way of doing it. 這是做此事最好的方法。

  My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我對你的愛比海深。

  4、賓語補(bǔ)足語:

  如:I found everythingin good condition. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)一切正常。

  Her illness kept her in bed for a week. 她因生病在床上躺了一星期。

  注:用作賓語補(bǔ)足語的介詞短語在相應(yīng)的被動語態(tài)中則為主語補(bǔ)足語:

  如:He was regarded as a hero. 他被看成是英雄。

  5、賓語:

  如:A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一個人從墻后走出來。

  He cannot spare anytime except on Sunday. 除星期日外,他抽不出時間。

  6、主語:

  如:Between6 and 7 suits me. 六點(diǎn)到七點(diǎn)對我比較適合。

  After the exams is the time to relax. 考試后是輕松一下的時間。

  注:介詞短語通常不用作主語,盡管有時也像上面這樣用作主語,但通?梢暈槭窃谝欢ǖ纳舷挛闹杏兴÷裕

  如:—When are we going to have the next meeting? 我們下次什么時候見面?

  —On Tuesday may be convenient. 星期二可能比較方便。

  此句中onTuesday雖用作主語,但可視為是其前省略了meeting一詞:

  即:Meeting during the vacation may be convenient.

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