省略句的概念:
在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言中,為了使語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)潔明了,重點(diǎn)突出或上下文緊密相連,可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子愿意不變,這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象稱之為省略。
簡(jiǎn)單句中的省略:
1、省略主語(yǔ):
1)祈使句中的主語(yǔ)通常被省略。
如:(You) Open the door, please. 請(qǐng)開(kāi)一下門(mén)。
2)其它省略主語(yǔ)多限于現(xiàn)成的說(shuō)法。
如:(I)Thank you for your help. 謝謝你的幫助。
。↖t)Doesn't matter. 沒(méi)關(guān)系。
2、省略主謂語(yǔ)或主謂語(yǔ)的一部分:
如:(There is)No smoking. 禁止抽煙
。↖s there)anything else? 還有其他事嗎?
(You come)This way please. 請(qǐng)這邊走。
。╓ill you)Have a smoke? 抽煙嗎?
3、省略賓語(yǔ):
如:—Do you know Mr. Li? 你認(rèn)識(shí)李先生嗎?
—I don't know (him.) 我不認(rèn)識(shí)他
4、省略表語(yǔ):
如:—Are you thirsty? 你30歲了嗎?
—Yes, I am (thirsty). 是的,我是。
5、同時(shí)省略幾個(gè)成分:
如:—Are you feeling better now? 你覺(jué)得好些了嗎?
—(I am feeling) Much better (now) 好多了。
(I wish)Good luck(to you). 祝你好運(yùn)/祝你順利。
省略句在復(fù)合句中的應(yīng)用:
一、并列復(fù)合句中的省略:
并列句中后邊的分句可以省略與前邊分句中相同的成分。
如:The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy) handed it to a policeman.
這個(gè)男孩在馬路上拾起一枚硬幣并把他交給了警察。
Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry. 你的建議使我高興但使湯姆生氣。
Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary(must have been) doing her homework.
湯姆肯定一直在打籃球,瑪麗一直在寫(xiě)作業(yè)。
Gao Xiumin was born in 1959 and Fu Biao(was born) in 1963. 高秀敏出生于1959年,傅彪出生于1963年。
二、主從復(fù)合句中的省略:
1、狀語(yǔ)從句中的省略:一般說(shuō)來(lái)省略現(xiàn)象多出現(xiàn)在下列五種狀語(yǔ)從句中:
1)由when,while,as,before,after,till,until,once等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句;
2)由whether,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句;
3)由though,although,evenif,whatever等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句;
4)由as,than等引導(dǎo)的比較狀語(yǔ)從句;
5)由as,asif,asthough等引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句。
上述狀語(yǔ)從句在省略時(shí)應(yīng)遵循下面原則:
當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致時(shí),可以省略狀語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)和系動(dòng)詞be,這時(shí)從句中可出現(xiàn)如下結(jié)構(gòu):
連詞(as,as if, once)+名詞;
連詞(though, whether, when)+形容詞;
連詞(whether, as if, while)+介詞短語(yǔ);
連詞(when, while, though)+現(xiàn)在分詞;
連詞(when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as)+過(guò)去分詞;
連詞(as if,as though)+不定式。
如:Once(he was) a worker, Pang Long now becomes a famous singer.
龐龍?jiān)?jīng)是個(gè)工人,現(xiàn)在變成一位著名的歌手。
Work hard when(you are) young, or you'll regret. 趁年輕要努力學(xué)習(xí),要不然你會(huì)后悔的。
He looked everywhere as if(he was) in search of something. 他到處看似乎在找什么東西。
注意:
①當(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)和主句的賓語(yǔ)一致時(shí),間或也有這樣的省略。
如:Her father told her to be careful when(she was) crossing the street. 當(dāng)她過(guò)馬路時(shí)父親告訴她要當(dāng)心。
、诋(dāng)從句的主語(yǔ)是it,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞中又含有系動(dòng)詞be時(shí),可以把it和系動(dòng)詞be一起省略。此時(shí)構(gòu)成連詞(if, unless, when, whenever)+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu)。
如:Unless(it is) necessary, you'd better not refer to the dictionary. 如果沒(méi)有必要,你最好不要查字典。
2、定語(yǔ)從句中的省略:
1)一般說(shuō)來(lái),在限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞that,which,whom可以省略;
如:Is this reason(that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
這就是他在會(huì)上解釋他工作中粗心的原因嗎?
而在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞which, whom不可以省略。
比較:Tom(whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.(whom可以省) 你昨天見(jiàn)到的湯姆病倒了。
Tom, whom you saw yesterday, fell ill. (whom不可以省) 湯姆病倒了,你昨天見(jiàn)到他了。
2)在口語(yǔ)和非正式用語(yǔ)中,關(guān)系副詞when, where,和why經(jīng)常用that來(lái)代替,甚至還可省略。
如:This is the first time(when/that) he had trouble with the boss.
這是他第一次麻煩老板。
He wants to find a good place(where/that) we can have a picnic during the"golden week"holiday.
他想找一個(gè)能在黃金周期間野餐的好地方。
Could you tell us the reason(why/that) he was so unhappy?
你能告訴我們他為什么如此不高興嗎?
3)當(dāng)先行詞為表示方式的the way時(shí),從句不能用how來(lái)引導(dǎo),應(yīng)該用that或in which,或?qū)⑺鼈內(nèi)渴÷浴?/p>
如:I don't like the way(that/in which) you laugh at her.
我不喜歡你嘲笑他的行為。
3、賓語(yǔ)從句中的省略:
1)在及物動(dòng)詞后面所接的賓語(yǔ)從句中,連詞that一般可以省略;但如果及物動(dòng)詞后面是由that引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的并列的賓語(yǔ)從句,那么只有第一個(gè)that可以省略。
如:I think(that) the reform of the renminbi's exchangerate is necessary. 我認(rèn)為人民幣兌換率的改革是必要的。
He said(that) the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order.
他說(shuō)《反分裂國(guó)家法》已被通過(guò),而且胡錦濤主席已簽署了主席令。
2)由which, when, where, how, 和why引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句,可以全部或部分省略。
如:I know that NBA star YaoMing will come to our city but I don't know when (he will come to our city).
我知道NBA明星要到我們城市來(lái)但我不知道他什么時(shí)候來(lái)。
He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why(he wants to move abroad)
他想搬遷到國(guó)外但他的父母想知道為什么。
4、在與suggest, request, order, advise等詞相關(guān)的名詞性從句中,須用虛擬語(yǔ)氣形式“should+動(dòng)詞原形”,should可以省略:
如:Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year(should) last long in various forms.
法國(guó)總統(tǒng)希拉克建議中法文化年以各種各樣的形式長(zhǎng)期持續(xù)。
5、主句省略多用于句首:
如:(It is a) Pity that I didn't go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.
很遺憾,我昨天沒(méi)有去參加瑪麗的生日聚會(huì)。
6、在答語(yǔ)中,主句可全部省略。
如:—Why were you absent from school last Friday?
—(I was absent from school) Because my mother was ill.
—上周五你為什么沒(méi)有上學(xué)?
—因?yàn)槲覌寢尣×恕?/p>
動(dòng)詞不定式省略:
1、保留to的場(chǎng)合:
。1)不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:
love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean, try, oblige, advise, persuade, agree, want, afford, forget, remember, try, manage等。
如:—You should have thanked her before you left.
—I meant to, but when I was leaving I couldn't find her anywhere.
—你本該在離開(kāi)前謝謝她。
—我本打算這么做,但當(dāng)我就要離開(kāi)的時(shí)候我卻找不到她了。
You can do it this way if you like to. 如果你想做,你可以這么做。
。2)不定式作某些動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí),這些動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:
ask, tell, advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit, forbid, expect, order, warn 等。
如:The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to. 男孩想在街上騎他的自行車,但他母親不讓。
She wants to come but her parents won't allow her to(come). 她想來(lái),可是她父母不讓。
(3)不定式在句中作某些形容詞的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),常見(jiàn)的形容詞有:
happy, glad, eager, anxious, willing, ready 等。
如:—I will be away on a business trip. Could you mind looking after my cat?
—Not at all. I would be happy to (look after your cat).
—我要出差,你能幫我照顧一下我的貓嗎?
—沒(méi)關(guān)系,我很愿意。
。4)不定式作某些復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)時(shí),常見(jiàn)結(jié)構(gòu)如:be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to 等。
如:He doesn't like fish but he used to. 他現(xiàn)在不喜歡吃魚(yú),但過(guò)去喜歡。
2、省略to的場(chǎng)合:
。1)主語(yǔ)部分有to do,系動(dòng)詞is或was時(shí),作表語(yǔ)的不定式通常省去to。
如:The only thing you have to do is press the button. 你必須做的惟一事情是按按鈕。
。2)作介詞but, expect, besides的賓語(yǔ),前面又有實(shí)意動(dòng)詞do時(shí),不定式通常省去to。
如:He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-"independence"timetable.
他說(shuō)陳水扁除了推進(jìn)支持“獨(dú)立”的時(shí)間表外,什么也沒(méi)有做。
。3)主語(yǔ)部分暗含todo,表語(yǔ)中的不定式通常省去to。
如:All I want(to do) is go to school and study hard. 我想要(做)的就是上學(xué),努力學(xué)習(xí)。
。4)當(dāng)兩個(gè)或多個(gè)不定式并列時(shí),其后的不定式符號(hào)可以省略,但有對(duì)比關(guān)系時(shí)不可省略。
如:It is easier to say than to do. 說(shuō)起來(lái)容易,做起來(lái)難。
。5)在would rather...than...等結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式符號(hào)常常要省略。
如:I would rather stay at home than go to see a film. 我寧愿呆在家也不愿去看電影。
。6)在see, watch, notice, hear, listen to, look at, feel, have, make, let, observe等詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)省略不定式符號(hào)to;why(not)do結(jié)構(gòu)中,不定式不帶to。
如:I saw her enter the room. 我看見(jiàn)她進(jìn)入了房間。
Why not join us? 為什么不加入到我們的行列里來(lái)呢?