獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的概念:
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(Absolute Structure)是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),用于修飾整個(gè)句子。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞等構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系,它的位置相當(dāng)靈活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗號(hào)將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)基本構(gòu)成形式:
名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞(過去分詞;形容詞;副詞;不定式;名詞;介詞短語(yǔ))
1)名詞(代詞)+現(xiàn)在分詞
Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.
黑夜籠罩大地,誰(shuí)也看不清遠(yuǎn)處黑壓壓的一片是什么東西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.
由于沒有公共汽車,我們只好走回家。
2)名詞(代詞)+過去分詞
The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.
由于工人們的生活條件大大提高,他們工作得更起勁了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上課專心聽講,眼睛緊盯著黑板。
3)名詞(代詞)+不定式
在“名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的
主謂關(guān)系,動(dòng)詞不定式則用主動(dòng)的形式;如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,則用被動(dòng)形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.
我們四人同意分工干,每人翻譯全書的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more
beautiful.
種上許多的樹、花和草后,我們新建的學(xué)?瓷先⒏。
4)名詞(代詞)+形容詞
The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.
特洛伊人睡著了,于是希臘士兵從中空的木馬里悄悄爬了出來(lái)。
Computers very small, we can use them widely.
電腦雖小,我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。
5)名詞(代詞)+副詞
The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.
散會(huì)了,校長(zhǎng)很快就離開了會(huì)議室。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work.
燈熄了,我們不能繼續(xù)工作了。
6)名詞(代詞)+名詞
His first shot failure,he fired again.
他第一槍沒擊中,又打了一槍。
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
兩百人死于事故,其中有許多兒童。
7)名詞(代詞) +介詞短語(yǔ)
He lay at full length upon his stomach,his head resting upon his left forearm.
他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,頭枕著左臂,直挺挺地趴伏著。
Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,a vast load of firewood
on her back.
每天下午,一個(gè)背著一大背柴禾的老婦人都會(huì)從那間破舊的房屋前蹣跚著走過。
with,without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu):
with ( without)+賓語(yǔ)(名詞/代詞)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)通常由名詞或代詞充當(dāng),但代詞一定
要用賓格
上文的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況都適用于此結(jié)構(gòu)。
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起來(lái),沒有人知道它在哪里。(without +名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式)
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她沒再說(shuō)什么話就離開了會(huì)議室。(without+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式)
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有這么多的名勝可參觀,小孩很激動(dòng)。(with+名詞/代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式)
The boy was walking, with his father ahead.
父親在前,小孩在后走著。(with+名詞/代詞+副詞)
He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.
他站在門口,手里拿著一部電腦。(with+名詞/代詞+介詞短語(yǔ))
With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy.
由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。(with+名詞/代詞+形容詞)
在with (without) 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中,多數(shù)情況下with 能省略,但without 不能省略。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能:
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中一般作狀語(yǔ),表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨狀況等,還可以作定語(yǔ)。
1)作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)
My shoes removed, I entered a low-ceilinged room,treading cautiously on the soft
tatami matting.
我脫掉鞋子后,走進(jìn)一間屋頂很低的房間,小心翼翼地踩在柔軟的塌塌米墊子上。
The governor pondering the matter,more strikers gathered across his path.
總督思考問題時(shí),更多的罷工工人聚集在他要通過的路上。
2)作條件狀語(yǔ)
Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天氣允許的話,他們將在明天組織一次海濱郊游。
Such being the case, you have no grounds for dismissing him.
如果情況如此的話,你沒有理由解聘他。
3)作原因狀語(yǔ)
The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave.
由那個(gè)男孩帶路,我們很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。
There being no further business to discuss, we all went home.
沒有別的事可討論,我們都回家了。
4)作伴隨狀語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明
I took my ticket, and marched proudly up the platform,with my cheeses,the people
falling back respectfully on either side.
我拿著車票還有我的奶酪,雄赳赳氣昂昂地跨步走向月臺(tái)。人們似乎很尊敬我,紛紛向兩邊退去。
Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.
十個(gè)學(xué)生報(bào)名參加了這次競(jìng)賽,年紀(jì)最小的是個(gè)12歲的男孩。
5)作定語(yǔ),獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。
He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有許多問題要解決的那個(gè)人。
He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.
他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。
Close to the bank I saw deep pools, the water blue like the sky.
靠近岸時(shí),我看見幾個(gè)深池塘,池水碧似藍(lán)天。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)比較:
一、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)在句中的作用:
1、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
如:The test finished, we began our holiday. (=When the test was finished, we began our holiday.)
2、條件狀語(yǔ):
如:Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. (=If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.)
3、原因狀語(yǔ):
如:The storm drawing near, the worker decided to stop working. (=Since the storm was drawing near, the worker decided to stop working.)
4、伴隨狀語(yǔ):
如:He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. (=He sat in the front row and his mouth was half open.)
二、其它形式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu):
1、在以上所講的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)前加with,這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可作:
1)伴隨狀語(yǔ):
如:With the young man leading, they started toward the mountain.
The soldiers marched forward, with guns on their shoulders(=gun on shoulder).
He used to sleep with the window open.
2)原因狀語(yǔ):
如:He felt uneasy with the whole class staring at him.
With Tom away, we have got more room.
3)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ):
如:With everything well arranged, he left his office.
三、It形式的獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)(表示自然現(xiàn)象、時(shí)間、距離或環(huán)境狀況等):
如:It being Monday, the library is closed.
It being spring, many kinds of flowers come out.
四、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu):(即在獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中,邏輯主語(yǔ)在后)
1)there be形式:
如:There being no bus or taxi, we had to go home on foot.
2)such形式:
如:Such being the case, she had nothing to say.
3)介詞短語(yǔ)形式:
如:In the sand being the mark of a man's foot, Crusoe stared at it, full of fear.
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)注意事項(xiàng):
1)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)多用于書面語(yǔ),尤其是描述性語(yǔ)言中,在口語(yǔ)和非正式文體中,一般用從句或兩個(gè)句子來(lái)代替。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的主語(yǔ)不同,它獨(dú)立存在,名詞或代詞與后面的分詞等邏輯上是主謂關(guān)系,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號(hào)與主句分開。
如:The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 總統(tǒng)被謀殺了,舉國(guó)上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
2)動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生,動(dòng)詞-ed形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束,動(dòng)詞-ing形式往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。
如:The manager looks worried, many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急,有這么多的事情要處理。(事情還沒有處理,而且是由經(jīng)理本人來(lái)處理,用不定式to settle,表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間)
如:The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了,經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。(事情已經(jīng)處理好了,用過去分詞settled表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束)
The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯,一邊看電視。(兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行)
3)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)介詞使用的問題:
當(dāng)介詞是in時(shí),其前后的兩個(gè)名詞均不加任何成分(如物主代詞或冠詞),也不用復(fù)數(shù)。但 with的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不受此限制。
如:A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his) 劫匪手里拿著刀闖進(jìn)房間。
當(dāng)表人體部位的詞做邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí),及物動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在分詞,不及物動(dòng)詞用過去分詞。
如:He lay there, his teeth set, his hands clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那兒,牙關(guān)緊閉,雙拳緊握,兩眼直視上方。
4)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與獨(dú)立成分的異同:
有些分詞短語(yǔ)可以獨(dú)立存在,在句子中沒有邏輯上的主語(yǔ),作為習(xí)慣用法。這些短語(yǔ)有:Generally speaking(總的說(shuō)來(lái)),F(xiàn)rankly speaking(坦率地說(shuō)),Judging from (從……判斷),Supposing(假設(shè)),等等。
如:Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand. 總的說(shuō)來(lái),這條規(guī)則很容易懂。
Judging from what he said, he must be an honest man. 由他所說(shuō)的來(lái)判斷,他一定是一個(gè)誠(chéng)實(shí)的人。
有些固定短語(yǔ)是帶to的不定式,表明說(shuō)話人的立場(chǎng)或態(tài)度,在句中作獨(dú)立成分。這些短語(yǔ)有:to be honest(老實(shí)說(shuō)),to be sure(確實(shí)),to tell you the truth(說(shuō)實(shí)話),to cut a long story short(長(zhǎng)話短說(shuō)),to be frank(坦率地說(shuō)),to make matters/things worse(更糟糕的是),等等。
如:To tell you the truth, I made a mistake in the word spelling. 說(shuō)實(shí)話,我犯了一個(gè)拼寫錯(cuò)誤。
To make things worse, many of the men have gone off to cities in search of higher pay, leaving women from nearby villages to carry on with the work.
情況更糟的是,許多男人都去城市找工資較高的工作,而留下附近村莊的婦女來(lái)繼續(xù)承擔(dān)修復(fù)工作。
5)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與分詞短語(yǔ)都可以轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語(yǔ)從句。但是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語(yǔ)從句后,它有自己的邏輯主語(yǔ),與主句的主語(yǔ)不一致;而分詞短語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換為狀語(yǔ)從句后,從句的主語(yǔ)與主句的主語(yǔ)一致。
如:If time permits, we'd better have a holiday at weekends.
轉(zhuǎn)換為:Time permitting, we'd better have a holiday at weekends. 如果時(shí)間允許,我們最好周末去度假。
When we see from the hill top, we can find the city more beautiful.
轉(zhuǎn)換為:Seeing from the hill top, we can find the city more beautiful. 從山頂上看,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)這個(gè)城市更美了。
還必須注意,分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語(yǔ)并不總是和主句的主語(yǔ)一致,也可以是主句的其他成分。
如:Searching for the thief in the city, it had taken the policemen a long time. 在城市里搜查小偷,花費(fèi)了警察很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間。(Searching短語(yǔ)的邏輯主語(yǔ)是主句中的policemen)